diff --git a/.github/workflows/joule-code-conformance.yml b/.github/workflows/joule-code-conformance.yml
index 099c4bc83..e0b149410 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/joule-code-conformance.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/joule-code-conformance.yml
@@ -111,13 +111,13 @@ jobs:
 
       # Bootstrap rustup: the docker runner image ships no Rust, and
       # dtolnay/rust-toolchain cannot help — it calls `rustup`, which is absent.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - name: Cache cargo
@@ -241,14 +241,14 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - name: joule-moq-relay, every target
@@ -312,14 +312,14 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - name: joule-moq-ingest, every target
diff --git a/.github/workflows/joule-moq-remote.yml b/.github/workflows/joule-moq-remote.yml
index b61601291..adf524b9b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/joule-moq-remote.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/joule-moq-remote.yml
@@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # One test at a time: the sessions share the host with other jobs, and each takes a lock.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/joule-moq-room.yml b/.github/workflows/joule-moq-room.yml
index eaef01d1f..a91414949 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/joule-moq-room.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/joule-moq-room.yml
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - name: joule-moq-room, every target
diff --git a/.github/workflows/jouleclaw-fabrics.yml b/.github/workflows/jouleclaw-fabrics.yml
index 88403456c..f0a8f3281 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/jouleclaw-fabrics.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/jouleclaw-fabrics.yml
@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ on:
 jobs:
   metal:
     name: metal (macOS, Apple GPU)
-    # Metal is macOS-only, so this is the one runner that can build it.
+    # Metal is macOS-only, so this needs the `macos` label. That label is served
+    # by several hosts, not one, and they are not identically provisioned -- see
+    # the Metal toolchain step below.
     runs-on: macos
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
@@ -51,6 +53,33 @@ jobs:
       - name: metal's error count may fall, never rise
         shell: bash
         run: python3 scripts/check-fabric-errors.py metal
+      # Xcode ships the Metal compiler as a separately downloadable component,
+      # and a macOS or Xcode upgrade uninstalls it: `xcodebuild -showComponent
+      # MetalToolchain` then reports `Status: uninstalled` and every `xcrun
+      # metal` fails with "missing Metal Toolchain". The step below would not
+      # merely be skipped -- check-metal-shaders.py reports every shader as not
+      # compiling, which reads as a code failure.
+      #
+      # Several hosts answer the `macos` label, so provisioning them by hand
+      # leaves whichever host was missed failing this job, and which host runs
+      # it is not predictable. Installing it here is idempotent and persists on
+      # the host, so the download happens once per host per Xcode version.
+      - name: Xcode's Metal toolchain component
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          command -v xcodebuild >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
+            echo "::error::this runner has no full Xcode (xcode-select -p: $(xcode-select -p 2>&1)); the Metal compiler is not in the Command Line Tools"
+            exit 1
+          }
+          export DEVELOPER_DIR="${DEVELOPER_DIR:-$(xcode-select -p)}"
+          if xcrun -sdk macosx metal --version >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            echo "present on $(hostname -s): $(xcrun -sdk macosx metal --version 2>&1 | head -1)"
+          else
+            echo "absent on $(hostname -s); downloading it once for this Xcode"
+            xcodebuild -downloadComponent MetalToolchain
+            xcrun -sdk macosx metal --version
+          fi
       # compile_pipeline builds every shader at runtime, so an MSL error is
       # invisible to cargo. xcrun is the same frontend the runtime uses.
       - name: every Metal shader source must compile
diff --git a/.github/workflows/jouleclaw-public-surface-documented.yml b/.github/workflows/jouleclaw-public-surface-documented.yml
index d419ec24a..b94d6b6dd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/jouleclaw-public-surface-documented.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/jouleclaw-public-surface-documented.yml
@@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ jobs:
 
       # Bootstrap rustup: the docker runner image ships no Rust, and
       # dtolnay/rust-toolchain cannot help — it calls `rustup`, which is absent.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - name: Cache cargo registry + target
diff --git a/.github/workflows/repo-checks.yml b/.github/workflows/repo-checks.yml
index c1a71cd09..bed5b018a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/repo-checks.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/repo-checks.yml
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ jobs:
           python-version: '3.11'
 
       # check-lockfiles.sh runs `cargo` against every lockfile.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # ── Every Cargo.lock is current ──────────────────────────────────────────
diff --git a/.github/workflows/standards-build.yml b/.github/workflows/standards-build.yml
index 771cbf05b..4d3b8eef1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/standards-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/standards-build.yml
@@ -406,7 +406,12 @@ jobs:
             echo "== $h =="
             out="$(cargo kani -p joulespec-core --harness "$h" 2>&1)"
             echo "$out" | grep -E '^ \*\* |^VERIFICATION'
-            echo "$out" | grep -q '^VERIFICATION:- SUCCESSFUL' \
+            # A here-string, not `echo | grep -q`: grep -q exits at the first
+            # match, echo then dies of SIGPIPE (141), and `set -o pipefail`
+            # turns a match into a failure. It is a race on how much of $out
+            # fits the pipe buffer, so it passed while this harness reported 15
+            # properties and failed at 336.
+            grep -q '^VERIFICATION:- SUCCESSFUL' <<<"$out" \
               || { echo "$h did not verify"; exit 1; }
             # "N of M cover properties satisfied". Both numbers are read with
             # their own expression rather than by splitting one capture, so
@@ -434,7 +439,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "mutation applied: the scale is now computed in 64 bits"
           out="$(cargo kani -p joulespec-core --harness the_ratio_rule_is_total_over_every_input 2>&1 || true)"
           echo "$out" | grep -E '^ \*\* |^VERIFICATION'
-          echo "$out" | grep -q '^VERIFICATION:- FAILED' \
+          grep -q '^VERIFICATION:- FAILED' <<<"$out" \
             || { echo "the prover did not refute an overflowing ratio rule"; exit 1; }
 
       # The NVML backends sit behind features no workspace member enables
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-app.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-app.yml
index fd1ab2da1..930b6391e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-app.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-app.yml
@@ -93,14 +93,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Tests and clippy
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-audit.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-audit.yml
index 7f9aecf07..47c891c40 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-audit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-audit.yml
@@ -70,14 +70,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Tests and clippy
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-breaking.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-breaking.yml
index 8d4bc9951..20f29ce07 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-breaking.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-breaking.yml
@@ -63,14 +63,14 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           SUDO=""; [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ] && SUDO="sudo"
           command -v python3 >/dev/null || { $SUDO apt-get update -qq; $SUDO apt-get install -y -qq python3; }
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
@@ -103,14 +103,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 90
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-byte-equality.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-byte-equality.yml
index 4b42ac20a..9e8ec6a20 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-byte-equality.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-byte-equality.yml
@@ -175,22 +175,22 @@ jobs:
       # unix: bootstrap rustup (docker image ships no Rust; macOS host has it but
       # launchd's PATH omits ~/.cargo/bin). Windows is a host executor with rustup
       # already present, and must use pwsh — its `bash` is the WSL stub.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 (unix)
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 (unix)
         if: matrix.os != 'windows'
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 (Windows)
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 (Windows)
         if: matrix.os == 'windows'
         shell: pwsh
         run: |
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
 
       - name: Decode fixtures, assert golden bytes
         working-directory: wai/byte-exact-conformance
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-catalogue.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-catalogue.yml
index 455bd4010..43f8c9ce6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-catalogue.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-catalogue.yml
@@ -96,14 +96,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           SUDO=""; [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ] && SUDO="sudo"
           command -v python3 >/dev/null || { $SUDO apt-get update -qq; $SUDO apt-get install -y -qq python3; }
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-conformance.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-conformance.yml
index ead55e12d..4979d269d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-conformance.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-conformance.yml
@@ -397,26 +397,26 @@ jobs:
       # is bootstrapped; the macOS `host` runner has it but launchd's PATH omits
       # ~/.cargo/bin. dtolnay/rust-toolchain is unusable — it calls a `rustup`
       # the docker image lacks.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 (unix)
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 (unix)
         if: matrix.os != 'windows'
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup component add --toolchain 1.98.0 clippy
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup component add --toolchain 1.99.1 clippy
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # Windows: a host executor with rustup already installed. Only ensure the
       # pinned toolchain is present + default. pwsh, never bash (that is WSL here).
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 (Windows)
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 (Windows)
         if: matrix.os == 'windows'
         shell: pwsh
         run: |
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
 
       - name: Build the cargo classes (pure Rust, no C codec chain)
         working-directory: wai/wai-rs
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ jobs:
           done
           # The decode bench prints its machine line from bench_env; no other step builds it.
           cargo build --no-default-features --features neural_int,video_int,audio_int,world_int,splat_int --bin wai_decode_bench
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-unknown-unknown
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-unknown-unknown
           cargo check --lib --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --no-default-features --features video_int,audio_int,splat_int,staged,http
           # The staged-measurement core is wasm32-clean: a browser computes the same figures.
           # Built, not only checked, so codegen and linking of the library run for wasm32.
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: wai/wai-rs
         run: |
           set -euo pipefail
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-unknown-unknown
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-unknown-unknown
           cargo check --lib --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --no-default-features --features key_discovery,http
 
       # The corpus-verify loop is genuinely shell-specific (a helper that groups
@@ -947,15 +947,15 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-wasip2
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # The release binary, pinned by version and SHA-256, rather than a build from source.
@@ -1091,15 +1091,15 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-wasip2
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # The release binary, pinned by version and SHA-256, rather than a build from source.
@@ -1188,14 +1188,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
@@ -2763,14 +2763,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - name: wai-rs, each feature list alone
@@ -2841,22 +2841,22 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 (unix)
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 (unix)
         if: matrix.os != 'windows'
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 (Windows)
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 (Windows)
         if: matrix.os == 'windows'
         shell: pwsh
         run: |
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
 
       - name: Integer rANS + int_synth + JPEG-AI mANS goldens (one machine → every machine)
         working-directory: wai/byte-exact-conformance
@@ -2878,12 +2878,12 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # Every one of these test files is `#![cfg(feature = "codecs")]`: built without
@@ -2976,14 +2976,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # `rust_native_crypto` rather than the SDK's default openssl backend, so this
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-energy-receipts.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-energy-receipts.yml
index 5d7793d5b..0da877037 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-energy-receipts.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-energy-receipts.yml
@@ -145,14 +145,14 @@ jobs:
       # The docker runners (linux / linux-arm64) ship no Rust, so rustup is
       # bootstrapped; the macOS host runner has it but launchd's PATH omits
       # ~/.cargo/bin.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # One feature set that compiles the wai-rs receipts that carry an
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-examples.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-examples.yml
index b7ea6a72b..b08a76614 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-examples.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-examples.yml
@@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 90
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           SUDO=""; [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ] && SUDO="sudo"
           command -v python3 >/dev/null && command -v curl >/dev/null || { $SUDO apt-get update -qq; $SUDO apt-get install -y -qq python3 curl; }
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
@@ -147,6 +147,20 @@ jobs:
           set -euo pipefail
           test -x "$BROWSER_BIN" || { echo "::error::this runner has no browser at $BROWSER_BIN"; exit 1; }
           nice -n 10 bash wai/quickstart/test/run-examples.sh browser
+      # The apple example builds WaiFFI.xcframework, which cross-compiles each
+      # slice (wai-sink-swift/scripts/build-xcframework.sh names the set in its
+      # header). A target's std belongs to one toolchain, so the pin moving to
+      # 1.99.1 left this job with none of them, and the macos slice failed at
+      # x86_64-apple-darwin with E0463 "can't find crate for `core`". The step
+      # had been passing on targets a previous toolchain happened to have
+      # installed on the runner; naming them here is what makes it reproducible
+      # on a host that has never built this. The tvos slices' nightly is a
+      # separate toolchain and keeps its own targets, so it is not re-added.
+      - name: The targets the apple slices need
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          rustup target add aarch64-apple-darwin x86_64-apple-darwin aarch64-apple-ios aarch64-apple-ios-sim x86_64-apple-ios
       - name: apple-app
         shell: bash
         run: nice -n 10 bash wai/quickstart/test/run-examples.sh apple
@@ -159,14 +173,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: JDK 17
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-fleet.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-fleet.yml
index 70c6de2ef..47dc75f2f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-fleet.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-fleet.yml
@@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Tests and clippy
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-formal-verification.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-formal-verification.yml
index 957e23457..27d53fc07 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-formal-verification.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-formal-verification.yml
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ jobs:
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           if ! command -v rustup >/dev/null; then
             curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs \
-              | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
+              | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
           fi
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-http.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-http.yml
index fdaff68d9..ca3e472e1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-http.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-http.yml
@@ -156,15 +156,15 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         if: startsWith(matrix.shard, 'patches')
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
@@ -212,14 +212,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
@@ -250,14 +250,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-jpegai-e2e.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-jpegai-e2e.yml
index e5aa29a23..0cf4c679f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-jpegai-e2e.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-jpegai-e2e.yml
@@ -172,14 +172,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       # Bootstrap rustup: the docker runner image ships no Rust.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Fetch the JPEG-AI inputs and check each against the pinned manifest
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-key-proxy.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-key-proxy.yml
index 5e627d37e..f77943341 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-key-proxy.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-key-proxy.yml
@@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Tests and clippy
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-ledger.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-ledger.yml
index db49e3509..d51c2ee73 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-ledger.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-ledger.yml
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Tests and clippy
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-neural-e2e.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-neural-e2e.yml
index 90df5ed2a..9da3c73ef 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-neural-e2e.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-neural-e2e.yml
@@ -102,13 +102,13 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: wai
         run: python tools/wai_validate_synthetic.py --size 256
       # Bootstrap rustup: the docker runner image ships no Rust.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Each Rust decoder reproduces its reference end-to-end
         working-directory: wai/wai-rs
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-neural-gates.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-neural-gates.yml
index 2a2e9e343..9196d100d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-neural-gates.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-neural-gates.yml
@@ -130,13 +130,13 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       # Bootstrap rustup: the docker runner image ships no Rust.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Prior-hash refusal, the strict replicate gate, and the int_mlicpp dispatch
         working-directory: wai/wai-rs
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-ops-differential.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-ops-differential.yml
index be49d420b..b1ee9755f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-ops-differential.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-ops-differential.yml
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       # The docker image ships no Rust.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - name: Through the operator set against the direct decode, random sets and payloads
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-ops-gpu.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-ops-gpu.yml
index c74252db1..c82bd6a30 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-ops-gpu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-ops-gpu.yml
@@ -114,15 +114,15 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-unknown-unknown target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-unknown-unknown target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-unknown-unknown
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-unknown-unknown
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # This container offers no adapter. The device tests must say so and pass; under
       # WAI_OPS_GPU_REQUIRE=1 the same tests must fail. Were an adapter ever offered
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-ops-npu.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-ops-npu.yml
index 1185b69fa..5bb8d4d13 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-ops-npu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-ops-npu.yml
@@ -145,14 +145,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # This host has no such device. The device tests must say so and pass; under
       # WAI_OPS_NPU_REQUIRE=1 the same tests must fail.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-ops.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-ops.yml
index 233414008..8b700c528 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-ops.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-ops.yml
@@ -116,14 +116,14 @@ jobs:
 
       # The docker images ship no Rust; the macOS host has it, but launchd's PATH omits
       # ~/.cargo/bin.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       - name: Unit, goldens, step-8, verdict and doc tests, debug
@@ -196,14 +196,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
@@ -250,14 +250,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-pack.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-pack.yml
index 7387169de..45da421ec 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-pack.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-pack.yml
@@ -101,15 +101,15 @@ jobs:
 
       # The docker runners ship no Rust, so rustup is bootstrapped; the macOS host has
       # it, but launchd's PATH omits ~/.cargo/bin.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup component add --toolchain 1.98.0 clippy
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup component add --toolchain 1.99.1 clippy
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # clippy::float_arithmetic is denied for the library and the CLI (Cargo.toml and
@@ -240,14 +240,14 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: wai
         shell: bash
         run: python3 pack-conformance/pack_verify.py --jobs 2 pack-conformance
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # The source readers differentially: seeded Y4M and WAV mutations, every verdict of
       # wai-pack (debug and release, both with overflow checks) equal to pack_verify.py's,
@@ -371,14 +371,14 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: linux-arm64
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Install cargo-deny
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cli-release.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cli-release.yml
index 439a12cab..8c946bfdd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cli-release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cli-release.yml
@@ -100,14 +100,14 @@ jobs:
             triple: aarch64-unknown-linux-musl
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0, the musl target and musl-gcc
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1, the musl target and musl-gcc
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add "${{ matrix.triple }}"
           SUDO=""; [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ] && SUDO="sudo"
           $SUDO apt-get update -qq
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cli.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cli.yml
index ba7c0d229..5a375a0f0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cli.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cli.yml
@@ -60,15 +60,15 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with clippy and the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with clippy and the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-wasip2
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Tests and clippy, with and without submit
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-contract.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-contract.yml
index fdd341f5d..61887f6e6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-contract.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-contract.yml
@@ -114,14 +114,14 @@ jobs:
       SEMVER_CHECKS: "0.51.0"
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Install cargo-semver-checks ${{ env.SEMVER_CHECKS }}
         shell: bash
@@ -185,14 +185,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0, and uv
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1, and uv
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           command -v uv >/dev/null 2>&1 || curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
           echo "$HOME/.local/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cuda.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cuda.yml
index 4a7fc37e2..2112f9b75 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cuda.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-cuda.yml
@@ -231,14 +231,14 @@ jobs:
       WAI_QUANTUM_CUDA_EXPECT: none
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: No CUDA here, and the member says so
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-desktop-release.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-desktop-release.yml
index f06bdd7a7..abc054f56 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-desktop-release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-desktop-release.yml
@@ -202,14 +202,14 @@ jobs:
       SECRET_UPDATER_KEY_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.WAI_QUANTUM_DESKTOP_UPDATER_KEY_PASSWORD }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 and the web view's libraries
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 and the web view's libraries
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           SUDO=""; [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ] && SUDO="sudo"
           $SUDO apt-get update -qq
           $SUDO apt-get install -y -qq libwebkit2gtk-4.1-dev libxdo-dev libayatana-appindicator3-dev librsvg2-dev file xdg-utils
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-docs.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-docs.yml
index d35cae060..d3a14adce 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-docs.yml
@@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0, and uv
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1, and uv
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           command -v uv >/dev/null 2>&1 || curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
           echo "$HOME/.local/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # A module filter is satisfied by any one test of the module, so each test is
       # required by name to have run.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-editors.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-editors.yml
index 5ceacfecc..f525d9918 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-editors.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-editors.yml
@@ -82,15 +82,15 @@ jobs:
       image: catthehacker/ubuntu:act-24.04
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-wasip2
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-estimate.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-estimate.yml
index 2cb2eb0a2..a2acfe92c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-estimate.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-estimate.yml
@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # A module filter is satisfied by any one test of the module, so each
       # module's tests are required by name to have run.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-formats.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-formats.yml
index 89cc3e93d..1d780708a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-formats.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-formats.yml
@@ -63,14 +63,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # A module filter is satisfied by any one test of the module, so each
       # module's tests are required by name to have run.
@@ -118,15 +118,15 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-wasip2
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # The release binary, pinned by version and SHA-256, rather than a build from source.
       - name: Install wasmtime 49.0.2
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-fpga.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-fpga.yml
index 659d8a8c3..30e3aaab8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-fpga.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-fpga.yml
@@ -111,14 +111,14 @@ jobs:
       WAI_QUANTUM_FPGA_EXPECT: none
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: No simulator here, and the member says so
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-hip.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-hip.yml
index 31d17c8b1..7ad0510ae 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-hip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-hip.yml
@@ -190,14 +190,14 @@ jobs:
       WAI_QUANTUM_HIP_EXPECT: none
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: No HIP here, and the member says so
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-js-release.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-js-release.yml
index 6ba3d3e69..3639ed53f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-js-release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-js-release.yml
@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: wasm-bindgen CLI 0.2.127
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-js.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-js.yml
index b9e407d69..cf1f5126e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-js.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-js.yml
@@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # Pinned to the wasm-bindgen version in wai-web/Cargo.lock; build.sh refuses another.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-lang.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-lang.yml
index 2bda24f62..f8bce6d52 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-lang.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-lang.yml
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # A module filter is satisfied by any one test of the module, so each
       # module's tests are required by name to have run.
@@ -105,15 +105,15 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-wasip2
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # The release binary, pinned by version and SHA-256, rather than a build from source.
       - name: Install wasmtime 49.0.2
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-metal.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-metal.yml
index 2e33cfcad..c1ef295aa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-metal.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-metal.yml
@@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ jobs:
       WAI_QUANTUM_METAL_EXPECT: none
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: No Metal here, and the member says so
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-npu-cores.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-npu-cores.yml
index 99842bbde..6624c28d4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-npu-cores.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-npu-cores.yml
@@ -134,14 +134,14 @@ jobs:
       WAI_QUANTUM_NPU_CORES_EXPECT: none
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: No neural processor here, and the member says so
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-npu.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-npu.yml
index 21f8d8e76..00dd17056 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-npu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-npu.yml
@@ -99,14 +99,14 @@ jobs:
       WAI_QUANTUM_NPU_EXPECT: none
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: No neural processor here, and the member says so
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-opencl.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-opencl.yml
index 026b12e40..0a1cbb964 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-opencl.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-opencl.yml
@@ -287,14 +287,14 @@ jobs:
       WAI_QUANTUM_OPENCL_EXPECT: none
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: No OpenCL here, and the member says so
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-pulse.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-pulse.yml
index c4021b295..90216aee7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-pulse.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-pulse.yml
@@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # A module filter is satisfied by any one test of the module, so the
       # count is pinned and each test is required by name to have run and passed.
@@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       # launchd's PATH omits cargo on the macOS host runner.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: The pinned digests, in a debug build and a release build
         shell: bash
@@ -161,15 +161,15 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-wasip2
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # The release binary, pinned by version and SHA-256, rather than a build from source.
       - name: Install wasmtime 49.0.2
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-py-release.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-py-release.yml
index 270698c61..eca6086cb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-py-release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-py-release.yml
@@ -113,14 +113,14 @@ jobs:
             triple: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 and uv
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 and uv
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add "${{ matrix.triple }}"
           command -v uv >/dev/null 2>&1 || curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
           echo "$HOME/.local/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-py.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-py.yml
index 03416813c..eb25d4460 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-py.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-py.yml
@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 90
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with clippy, and uv
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with clippy, and uv
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           command -v uv >/dev/null 2>&1 || curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
           command -v node >/dev/null 2>&1 || { echo "::error::no node on this runner: the widgets' front ends are tested with it"; exit 1; }
           echo "$HOME/.local/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-qec.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-qec.yml
index 4357fbc2a..15a541e60 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-qec.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-qec.yml
@@ -63,14 +63,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # A module filter is satisfied by any one test of the module, so each
       # new test is required by name to have run and passed.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-qpu.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-qpu.yml
index 06f581c58..3cba4823d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-qpu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-qpu.yml
@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Tests
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-registry.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-registry.yml
index 63bf81343..183725779 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-registry.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-registry.yml
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # A module filter is satisfied by any one test of the module, so each
       # test is required by name to have run.
@@ -129,15 +129,15 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-wasip2
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # The release binary, pinned by version and SHA-256, rather than a build from source.
       - name: Install wasmtime 49.0.2
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-service.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-service.yml
index 0ad4982ed..5a6b1fae4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-service.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-service.yml
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Tests and clippy
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-studio.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-studio.yml
index b8a41dcd1..45abfe8c2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-studio.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-studio.yml
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # Pinned to the wasm-bindgen version in wai-web/Cargo.lock.
@@ -190,14 +190,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 90
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 and the web view's libraries
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 and the web view's libraries
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           SUDO=""; [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ] && SUDO="sudo"
           $SUDO apt-get update -qq
           $SUDO apt-get install -y -qq libwebkit2gtk-4.1-dev libxdo-dev libayatana-appindicator3-dev librsvg2-dev
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-tensor-engine.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-tensor-engine.yml
index 9cc9d22fe..015aaf1f8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-tensor-engine.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-tensor-engine.yml
@@ -132,14 +132,14 @@ jobs:
       WAI_QUANTUM_TENSOR_ENGINE_EXPECT: none
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: No kernel toolchain here, and the member says so
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-variational.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-variational.yml
index f2d12a7d9..de42148bb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-variational.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-variational.yml
@@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # A module filter is satisfied by any one test of the module, so each
       # new test is required by name to have run and passed.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-verdict.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-verdict.yml
index 159e1d198..aaad31580 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-verdict.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-verdict.yml
@@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # A module filter is satisfied by any one test of the module, so each
       # module's tests are required by name to have run.
@@ -124,15 +124,15 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-wasip2
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # The release binary, pinned by version and SHA-256, rather than a build from source.
       - name: Install wasmtime 49.0.2
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-views.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-views.yml
index d837d0f91..78bb89149 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-views.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-views.yml
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
@@ -129,14 +129,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 75
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-webgpu.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-webgpu.yml
index dc9e9db84..1d6a685fd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-webgpu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-quantum-webgpu.yml
@@ -97,16 +97,16 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 (wasm32 targets) and 1.97.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 (wasm32 targets) and 1.97.0
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
           rustup toolchain install 1.97.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add --toolchain 1.98.0 wasm32-unknown-unknown wasm32-wasip2
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add --toolchain 1.99.1 wasm32-unknown-unknown wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: SPIR-V validator
         shell: bash
@@ -176,14 +176,14 @@ jobs:
       WAI_QUANTUM_WEBGPU_EXPECT: swgpu-vulkan-10005
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: The Vulkan loader and a software Vulkan driver
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-release.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-release.yml
index d5293a522..e34ef27e8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-release.yml
@@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ jobs:
             triple: aarch64-unknown-linux-musl
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0, the musl target and musl-gcc
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1, the musl target and musl-gcc
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add "${{ matrix.triple }}"
           SUDO=""; [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ] && SUDO="sudo"
           $SUDO apt-get update -qq
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-sink-android.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-sink-android.yml
index 542617414..39ed996e0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-sink-android.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-sink-android.yml
@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # A JDK 17, from the image's packages when the image has none.
       - name: JDK 17
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-sota-vectors.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-sota-vectors.yml
index 331fcf66c..6b3a0832b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-sota-vectors.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-sota-vectors.yml
@@ -224,14 +224,14 @@ jobs:
           torchvision.ops.nms(torch.zeros(1, 4), torch.zeros(1), 0.5)
           PY
       # Bootstrap rustup: the docker runner image ships no Rust.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - name: Regenerate the int_hyper vectors (source photo → integer export → keyframe → clip)
         shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-studio.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-studio.yml
index 28c0ff512..a6741cf05 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-studio.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-studio.yml
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal --component clippy
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal --component clippy
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
@@ -173,13 +173,13 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       # The floor's zstd is C, compiled for wasm32 by clang and archived by llvm-ar.
-      - name: Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32 target, clang and llvm, wasm-bindgen CLI 0.2.127
+      - name: Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32 target, clang and llvm, wasm-bindgen CLI 0.2.127
         shell: bash
         run: |
           set -euo pipefail
           apt-get update -qq
           apt-get install -y -qq --no-install-recommends curl ca-certificates build-essential pkg-config clang llvm python3 git > /dev/null
-          curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
+          curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
           "$HOME/.cargo/bin/rustup" target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
           "$HOME/.cargo/bin/cargo" install --locked wasm-bindgen-cli --version 0.2.127
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-vector.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-vector.yml
index 1db17d08f..eb7cad123 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-vector.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-vector.yml
@@ -124,14 +124,14 @@ jobs:
 
       # The docker images ship no Rust; the macOS host has it, but launchd's PATH omits
       # ~/.cargo/bin.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # Debug builds check every arithmetic operation for overflow, so a bound the
@@ -167,14 +167,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32-wasip2 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add wasm32-wasip2
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
@@ -221,14 +221,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
@@ -267,14 +267,14 @@ jobs:
       # The image ships no Rust. wasm32v1-none is the package's target: its
       # precompiled core and alloc are WebAssembly 1.0, which those of
       # wasm32-unknown-unknown are not (wasm/build-pkg.sh says why that decides it).
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32v1-none and wasm32-unknown-unknown targets
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32v1-none and wasm32-unknown-unknown targets
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add wasm32v1-none wasm32-unknown-unknown
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
@@ -338,14 +338,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
 
       # Every corpus vector and every file under fuzz/seeds/ as a seed, 2,000
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-web-reach.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-web-reach.yml
index ef3e9360e..0b465c6a9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-web-reach.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-web-reach.yml
@@ -114,16 +114,16 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       # The docker runner image ships no Rust.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32 target
         if: matrix.leg == 'tree'
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
-          rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown --toolchain 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
+          rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown --toolchain 1.99.1
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # Pinned to the wasm-bindgen version in wai-web/Cargo.lock: the CLI and the crate
       # must match exactly.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wai-web-wasm.yml b/.github/workflows/wai-web-wasm.yml
index 913ccc78b..208af83bf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wai-web-wasm.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wai-web-wasm.yml
@@ -109,14 +109,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       # The docker runner image ships no Rust.
-      - name: Install Rust 1.98.0 with the wasm32 target
+      - name: Install Rust 1.99.1 with the wasm32 target
         shell: bash
         run: |
           export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
           command -v rustup >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.98.0
-          rustup toolchain install 1.98.0 --profile minimal
-          rustup default 1.98.0
+            curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.99.1
+          rustup toolchain install 1.99.1 --profile minimal
+          rustup default 1.99.1
           rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
       # Pinned to the wasm-bindgen version in wai-web/Cargo.lock: the CLI and the
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/analytics.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/analytics.rs
index 7cd4fcfd7..6619dfbed 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/analytics.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/analytics.rs
@@ -277,6 +277,6 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert!(coverage.core_words_used >= 3);
         assert!(coverage.coverage_percent > 0.0);
-        assert!(!coverage.unused_words.is_empty());
+        assert_ne!(coverage.unused_words, [] as [String; 0]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/finder.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/finder.rs
index aa704ee94..efbd25934 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/finder.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/finder.rs
@@ -1333,7 +1333,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(second.len(), 3);
         assert_eq!(second.presses.iter().map(|p| p.board).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [w.home.id, w.needs.id, w.drinks.id]);
         // A word on no board is not found; one no press leads to has no way.
-        assert!(f.find("zorp", &[w.home.id], Reach::default()).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(
+            f.find("zorp", &[w.home.id], Reach::default()),
+            [] as [Found; 0]
+        );
         let lonely = f.find("lonely", &[w.home.id], Reach::default());
         assert_eq!(lonely.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(lonely[0].way, None);
@@ -1427,7 +1430,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(got("wat"), [("I want water".into(), Match::Start)]);
         assert_eq!(got("ate"), [("I want water".into(), Match::Inside)]);
         // One letter is never found inside a word.
-        assert!(got("t").is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(got("t"), [] as [(String, Match); 0]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1459,7 +1462,7 @@ mod tests {
         }
         // A Hangul syllable is its jamo, so one still being typed is found.
         assert!(search_key("물").starts_with(&search_key("무")));
-        assert!(!search_key("물").is_empty());
+        assert_ne!(search_key("물"), "");
         // Chinese is as written.
         assert_ne!(search_key("说"), search_key("說"));
     }
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/ja_inflect.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/ja_inflect.rs
index 022fd257c..cbd4fd233 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/ja_inflect.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/ja_inflect.rs
@@ -546,6 +546,6 @@ mod tests {
         }
         // Never the word itself, and never a bare stem as a verb.
         assert!(!dictionary_forms("たべる", kinds).contains(&"たべる".to_string()));
-        assert!(dictionary_forms("いき", kinds).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(dictionary_forms("いき", kinds), [] as [String; 0]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/keyboard/by_ear.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/keyboard/by_ear.rs
index 98b3e6819..defbc2023 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/keyboard/by_ear.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/keyboard/by_ear.rs
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Vietnamese: a vowel takes its five tones; a consonant none.
         assert_eq!(then_for("vi", "a").len(), 5);
         assert!(then_for("vi", "an").is_empty() || then_for("vi", "an").len() == 5);
-        assert!(then_for("en", "a").is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(then_for("en", "a"), [] as [Item; 0]);
         // Kana: its small and voiced forms, then the katakana of each;
         // Ethiopic: the other orders.
         let form = |f: &str| Item::Form(f.into());
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ mod tests {
         // has a name.
         assert_eq!(then_for("sv", "e"), vec![form("é")]);
         assert_eq!(then_for("sv", "E"), vec![form("é")]);
-        assert!(then_for("sv", "a").is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(then_for("sv", "a"), [] as [Item; 0]);
         assert!(letter_groups("fr", 5).last().unwrap().contains(&letter("'")));
         assert!(!letter_groups("de", 5).last().unwrap().contains(&letter("'")));
         assert_eq!(then_for("am", "ቀ").len(), 6 + 5);
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/keyboard/tests.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/keyboard/tests.rs
index 27d63e7d2..18e4e3e18 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/keyboard/tests.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/keyboard/tests.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn places_of(page: &Page, action: &KeyAction) -> Vec<(u16, u16)> {
 fn every_row_covers_the_whole_grid() {
     for kb in all() {
         for page in &kb.pages {
-            assert!(!page.rows.is_empty());
+            assert_ne!(page.rows, [] as [Vec<Key>; 0]);
             for (r, row) in page.rows.iter().enumerate() {
                 let covered: u16 = row.iter().map(|k| k.span).sum();
                 assert_eq!(
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/obf.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/obf.rs
index f110a092e..5f8592e1a 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/obf.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/obf.rs
@@ -2451,7 +2451,7 @@ mod tests {
         let v = to_obf_with(&sample_board(), &ObfExportOptions { sprites: sprites(), ..ObfExportOptions::default() });
         assert_eq!(v["license"]["type"], "private");
         let images = v["images"].as_array().unwrap();
-        assert!(!images.is_empty());
+        assert_ne!(images.as_slice(), [] as [Value; 0]);
         for img in images {
             let set = img["symbol"]["set"].as_str().unwrap();
             let info = set_info(SymbolSet::ALL.into_iter().find(|s| s.as_str() == set).unwrap());
@@ -2487,7 +2487,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(bare["images"].as_array().unwrap().iter().all(|img| img.get("data").is_none() && img["width"].is_u64()));
         // Words only: no pictures.
         let none = to_obf_with(&sample_board(), &ObfExportOptions { symbol_set: None, ..ObfExportOptions::default() });
-        assert!(none["images"].as_array().unwrap().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(
+            none["images"].as_array().unwrap().as_slice(),
+            [] as [Value; 0]
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -2762,7 +2765,10 @@ mod tests {
         // Without the bytes, a recording is left out rather than named
         // where no other app can find it; the button speaks its words.
         let bare = to_obf(&board);
-        assert!(bare["sounds"].as_array().unwrap().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(
+            bare["sounds"].as_array().unwrap().as_slice(),
+            [] as [Value; 0]
+        );
         assert!(button(&bare, "love").get("sound_id").is_none());
         assert!(button(&bare, "Rex").get("image_id").is_none());
     }
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/prediction.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/prediction.rs
index e2b484e59..d206532b8 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/prediction.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/prediction.rs
@@ -1374,7 +1374,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let ctx = CommunicationContext::now();
         let preds = engine.predict("I", &ctx, 10);
-        assert!(!preds.is_empty());
+        assert!(!preds.is_empty(), "a pinned phrase matching the partial predicts something");
         assert_eq!(preds[0].source, PredictionSource::Pinned);
     }
 
@@ -1383,8 +1383,8 @@ mod tests {
         let engine = PredictionEngine::new();
         let ctx = CommunicationContext::now();
         let preds = engine.predict("hello", &ctx, 10);
-        assert!(preds.is_empty());
-        assert!(engine.predict_letters("hel", 5).is_empty());
+        assert!(preds.is_empty(), "an engine with nothing in it predicts nothing: {preds:?}");
+        assert_eq!(engine.predict_letters("hel", 5), [] as [LetterCandidate; 0]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1485,7 +1485,7 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap();
         let mut engine = PredictionEngine::new();
         engine.set_language("gu", None).unwrap();
-        assert!(engine.language_status().notes.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(engine.language_status().notes, [] as [String; 0]);
         assert_eq!(engine.language_status_in(&index).notes, vec!["no source covers it yet".to_string()]);
         assert_eq!(PredictionLanguageStatus::from_index(&index, "gu").notes, engine.language_status_in(&index).notes);
     }
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/print/tests.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/print/tests.rs
index 3ec6d3c6d..b5a66449e 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/print/tests.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/print/tests.rs
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ fn hidden_and_blank_cells_print_as_empty_places() {
     only_cat.cells.retain(|c| c.id == hidden);
     map.insert(id, only_cat);
     let plan = plan(&map, Some(id), Some(&[id]), PrintKind::Boards, PrintSettings::default(), Some(SymbolSet::Mulberry), None).unwrap();
-    assert!(plan.symbol_sets.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(plan.symbol_sets, [] as [SymbolSet; 0]);
     assert!(!plan.pages.contains(&PageKind::Credits));
 }
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ fn one_board_prints_on_one_page_with_its_credits_at_the_foot() {
     assert_eq!(plan.pages.len(), 1);
     assert!(matches!(&plan.pages[0], PageKind::Board { board, part: 1, parts: 1, .. } if *board == home));
     assert!(plan.credits_at_foot);
-    assert!(!plan.symbol_sets.is_empty());
+    assert_ne!(plan.symbol_sets, [] as [SymbolSet; 0]);
     // Feelings is not printed: its link has no page.
     assert_eq!(plan.page_of(feelings), None);
     assert_eq!(plan.go_to(&CellAction::Navigate(feelings)), None);
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/symbols/mod.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/symbols/mod.rs
index 734b90dd1..44f7de8bd 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/symbols/mod.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/symbols/mod.rs
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut count = 0;
         for (concept, sets) in concepts() {
             assert_eq!(normalize_concept(concept), concept, "index key {concept:?} is not normalised");
-            assert!(!sets.is_empty());
+            assert!(!sets.is_empty(), "index key {concept:?} maps to no set");
             for (&set, id) in sets {
                 let found = lookup(concept, set).unwrap();
                 assert_eq!((found.set, found.id, found.fallback), (set, id.as_str(), false));
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn the_picker_finds_symbols_in_english_and_in_the_persons_language() {
         let dog = search_concepts("dog", "en-US", 10);
         assert_eq!(dog.first(), Some(&"dog"), "{dog:?}");
-        assert!(search_concepts("  ", "en", 10).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(search_concepts("  ", "en", 10), [] as [&str; 0]);
         assert!(search_concepts("d", "en", 5).len() <= 5);
         assert!(search_concepts("e", "en", 1000).iter().all(|k| !k.contains(':')), "no actions or arrows");
         // Spanish: "perro" finds the dog.
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     #[cfg(not(feature = "nc-symbols"))]
     fn a_build_without_the_optional_sets_knows_none() {
-        assert!(SymbolSet::NONCOMMERCIAL.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(SymbolSet::NONCOMMERCIAL.as_slice(), []);
         assert_eq!(SymbolSet::EVERY, SymbolSet::ALL);
         assert!(concepts().all(|(_, sets)| sets.keys().all(|s| SymbolSet::ALL.contains(s))));
         for set in SymbolSet::ALL {
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/translations.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/translations.rs
index 96921be76..9dfb52957 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/translations.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/translations.rs
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn missing_word_returns_empty() {
         let missing = translations_for("xyznonexistent");
-        assert!(missing.is_empty());
+        assert!(missing.is_empty(), "an unknown word has no translations: {missing:?}");
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/usage.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/usage.rs
index dac427fe9..bd20174c3 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/usage.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/usage.rs
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .collect();
         let started = std::time::Instant::now();
-        assert!(new_in(&long, long.clone()).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(new_in(&long, long.clone()), [] as [Selection; 0]);
         assert!(started.elapsed() < std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), "{:?}", started.elapsed());
         let mut mine: Modelled = [("a".to_string(), 3), ("b".to_string(), 1)].into();
         merge_modelled(&mut mine, &[("a".to_string(), 2), ("c".to_string(), 4)].into());
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/wordsplit.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/wordsplit.rs
index 5d58cbc37..3ed105479 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/wordsplit.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/aac-core/src/wordsplit.rs
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(s.words, ["I", "want", "wat"]);
         assert!(s.open);
         assert!(!split_words("I want ", false).open);
-        assert!(split_words("", false).words.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(split_words("", false).words, [] as [String; 0]);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/adaptation.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/adaptation.rs
index 55335a878..8e0a2bace 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/adaptation.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/adaptation.rs
@@ -271,7 +271,10 @@ mod tests {
     fn uniform_is_uniform() {
         let p = UniformPrior.probabilities(&opts(), &PriorContext::default());
         assert_eq!(p, vec![1.0 / 3.0; 3]);
-        assert!(UniformPrior.probabilities(&[], &PriorContext::default()).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(
+            UniformPrior.probabilities(&[], &PriorContext::default()),
+            [] as [f64; 0]
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -288,7 +291,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn normalize_handles_garbage() {
         assert_eq!(normalize(&[f64::NAN, -1.0, 0.0]), vec![1.0 / 3.0; 3]);
         assert_eq!(normalize(&[2.0, f64::INFINITY, 2.0]), vec![0.5, 0.0, 0.5]);
-        assert!(normalize(&[]).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(normalize(&[]), [] as [f64; 0]);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/press_timing.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/press_timing.rs
index 64478b15d..4ed3d2603 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/press_timing.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/press_timing.rs
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ mod tests {
         m.complete_selection();
         m.stage(&[900.0], true);
         m.abandon();
-        assert!(m.staged().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(m.staged(), [] as [f64; 0]);
         for k in 0..3 {
             select(&mut m, 700.0 + f64::from(k));
         }
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn nan_offsets_are_ignored() {
         let mut m = PressTimingModel::for_scan_interval(1000);
         m.stage(&[f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY], true);
-        assert!(m.staged().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(m.staged(), [] as [f64; 0]);
         m.learn_kept(&[f64::NAN]);
         assert_eq!(m.confirmed(), 0);
     }
diff --git a/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/scan_order.rs b/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/scan_order.rs
index b8099f5e8..5f6e87cf7 100644
--- a/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/scan_order.rs
+++ b/aac/aac-rs/crates/access-core/src/scan_order.rs
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ mod tests {
             }
             let o = ScanOrder::from_weights(mode, 4, 5, &w);
             assert!(o.is_fixed(), "{mode:?}");
-            assert!(o.diff_from_fixed().is_empty());
+            assert!(o.diff_from_fixed().is_empty(), "{mode:?} differs from fixed: {:?}", o.diff_from_fixed());
             assert!(ScanOrder::from_weights(mode, 4, 5, &CellWeights::new()).is_fixed());
         }
         // Blocks: on 4 × 4 all blocks are full, so a uniform prior is fixed;
diff --git a/eoc/eoc-rs/rust-toolchain.toml b/eoc/eoc-rs/rust-toolchain.toml
index b2647615d..4fc422dc2 100644
--- a/eoc/eoc-rs/rust-toolchain.toml
+++ b/eoc/eoc-rs/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 [toolchain]
-channel    = "1.98.0"
+channel    = "1.99.1"
 components = ["rustc", "cargo", "rust-std", "rustfmt", "clippy"]
 profile    = "default"
diff --git a/jouleclaw/jouleclaw-rs/crates/jouleclaw-omni/src/inference/architecture/mochi.rs b/jouleclaw/jouleclaw-rs/crates/jouleclaw-omni/src/inference/architecture/mochi.rs
index 782eaf9f1..7a4842e09 100644
--- a/jouleclaw/jouleclaw-rs/crates/jouleclaw-omni/src/inference/architecture/mochi.rs
+++ b/jouleclaw/jouleclaw-rs/crates/jouleclaw-omni/src/inference/architecture/mochi.rs
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ impl MochiPipeline {
         let mut latent_data = vec![0.0f32; latent_size];
         // Simple pseudo-random initialization using golden ratio hash
         for i in 0..latent_size {
-            let hash = ((i as f32 * 1.618_034) % 1.0) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+            let hash = ((i as f32 * std::f32::consts::GOLDEN_RATIO) % 1.0) * 2.0 - 1.0;
             latent_data[i] = hash * 0.1;
         }
         let latent_f16: Vec<half::f16> = latent_data.iter().map(|&v| half::f16::from_f32(v)).collect();
diff --git a/jouleclaw/jouleclaw-rs/crates/jouleclaw-outlier/src/lib.rs b/jouleclaw/jouleclaw-rs/crates/jouleclaw-outlier/src/lib.rs
index 440adbd92..79fa6cb9d 100644
--- a/jouleclaw/jouleclaw-rs/crates/jouleclaw-outlier/src/lib.rs
+++ b/jouleclaw/jouleclaw-rs/crates/jouleclaw-outlier/src/lib.rs
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ fn c_factor(n: usize) -> f64 {
         return 0.0;
     }
     let n_f = n as f64;
-    2.0 * ((n_f - 1.0).ln() + 0.5772156649) - (2.0 * (n_f - 1.0) / n_f)
+    2.0 * ((n_f - 1.0).ln() + std::f64::consts::EULER_GAMMA) - (2.0 * (n_f - 1.0) / n_f)
 }
 
 impl Scored for IsolationForest {
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-connect/src/account.rs b/openpay/crates/op-connect/src/account.rs
index 405d07412..ecfa02863 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-connect/src/account.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-connect/src/account.rs
@@ -217,6 +217,6 @@ mod tests {
         // currently-due yet either) so `is_active()` is true only when
         // requirements have been computed; on the bare struct it is true.
         assert!(a.is_active());
-        assert!(a.capabilities.is_empty());
+        assert!(a.capabilities.is_empty(), "a fresh account has no capabilities: {:?}", a.capabilities);
     }
 }
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-crypto-extra/src/htlc.rs b/openpay/crates/op-crypto-extra/src/htlc.rs
index df90881e6..bf15ec692 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-crypto-extra/src/htlc.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-crypto-extra/src/htlc.rs
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ mod tests {
             c.state = s;
             // Round-trip via serde to confirm enum variants serialize.
             let s_json = serde_json::to_string(&c.state).unwrap();
-            assert!(!s_json.is_empty());
+            assert_ne!(s_json, "");
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-crypto-extra/src/stable.rs b/openpay/crates/op-crypto-extra/src/stable.rs
index 3c8f1d021..d7d9c237a 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-crypto-extra/src/stable.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-crypto-extra/src/stable.rs
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ mod tests {
             Stablecoin::Eurc,
             Stablecoin::Fdusd,
         ] {
-            assert!(!s.symbol().is_empty());
+            assert_ne!(s.symbol(), "");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-emv/src/stream.rs b/openpay/crates/op-emv/src/stream.rs
index f4db661d3..26a03265d 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-emv/src/stream.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-emv/src/stream.rs
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(children[0].tag.0, 0x84);
         assert_eq!(children[0].value, &[0xAA, 0xBB]);
         assert_eq!(children[1].tag.0, 0xA5);
-        assert!(children[1].value.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(children[1].value, []);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-iso20022/src/bah.rs b/openpay/crates/op-iso20022/src/bah.rs
index 9f93eb7bc..cce3f499f 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-iso20022/src/bah.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-iso20022/src/bah.rs
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ mod tests {
             PartyIdentification::AbaRoutingNumber("026009593".into()),
             "pacs.008.001.08",
         );
-        assert!(!bah.business_message_id.is_empty());
+        assert_ne!(bah.business_message_id, "");
         assert_eq!(bah.message_definition_id, "pacs.008.001.08");
         assert!(bah.validate().is_ok());
     }
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-iso20022/src/statement.rs b/openpay/crates/op-iso20022/src/statement.rs
index b6da7145c..a0f5bf618 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-iso20022/src/statement.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-iso20022/src/statement.rs
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn non_camt053_message_yields_no_entries() {
         // Any other kind flattens to nothing rather than erroring.
         let admi = Message::Admi002(Box::default());
-        assert!(admi.camt053_entries().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(admi.camt053_entries(), [] as [StatementEntry; 0]);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-reconciliation/src/matcher.rs b/openpay/crates/op-reconciliation/src/matcher.rs
index ab566da59..37eb33b28 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-reconciliation/src/matcher.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-reconciliation/src/matcher.rs
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ mod tests {
             TOL,
         );
         assert_eq!(o.matched, 1);
-        assert!(o.discrepancies.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(o.discrepancies, [] as [Discrepancy; 0]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn out_of_window_ledger_tx_not_flagged() {
         // tx effective beyond the window end → not our concern.
         let o = match_lines(&[], &[posted("ORD-X", 10, 2_000_000)], W, TOL);
-        assert!(o.discrepancies.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(o.discrepancies, [] as [Discrepancy; 0]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ mod tests {
             TOL,
         );
         assert_eq!(o.fuzzy_matched, 1);
-        assert!(o.discrepancies.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(o.discrepancies, [] as [Discrepancy; 0]);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-routing/src/lcr.rs b/openpay/crates/op-routing/src/lcr.rs
index 95d89399d..aefa33075 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-routing/src/lcr.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-routing/src/lcr.rs
@@ -264,6 +264,6 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn empty_pool_returns_empty() {
         let router = LeastCostRouter::new();
-        assert!(router.select(&intent(10_000)).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(router.select(&intent(10_000)), [] as [Route; 0]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-screening/src/screener.rs b/openpay/crates/op-screening/src/screener.rs
index a73cc79f8..2cbd6666d 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-screening/src/screener.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-screening/src/screener.rs
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ mod tests {
             .await
             .expect("ok");
         assert_eq!(r.decision, ScreenDecision::Clear);
-        assert!(r.hits.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(r.hits, [] as [MatchScore; 0]);
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-settlement/src/batch.rs b/openpay/crates/op-settlement/src/batch.rs
index f3906aa4e..5dca6a93e 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-settlement/src/batch.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-settlement/src/batch.rs
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn opens_in_open_status() {
         let b = Batch::open(Currency::USD, PayoutRail::AchNacha, 1_000);
         assert_eq!(b.status.code(), "open");
-        assert!(b.entries.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(b.entries, [] as [BatchEntry; 0]);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-settlement/src/store.rs b/openpay/crates/op-settlement/src/store.rs
index c58f83f30..a0ab7c975 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-settlement/src/store.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-settlement/src/store.rs
@@ -222,6 +222,6 @@ mod tests {
                 Ok(())
             })
             .unwrap();
-        assert!(store.list_open().unwrap().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(store.list_open().unwrap(), [] as [Batch; 0]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/openpay/crates/op-tax/src/nexus.rs b/openpay/crates/op-tax/src/nexus.rs
index 59f3ee8d3..18ad909bd 100644
--- a/openpay/crates/op-tax/src/nexus.rs
+++ b/openpay/crates/op-tax/src/nexus.rs
@@ -323,6 +323,6 @@ mod tests {
         let mut m = NexusMonitor::new();
         // No thresholds configured.
         let events = m.record(&tx("WA", 1_000_000));
-        assert!(events.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(events, [] as [NexusEvent; 0]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust-toolchain.toml
index b2647615d..4fc422dc2 100644
--- a/rust-toolchain.toml
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 [toolchain]
-channel    = "1.98.0"
+channel    = "1.99.1"
 components = ["rustc", "cargo", "rust-std", "rustfmt", "clippy"]
 profile    = "default"
diff --git a/smart-byte/smart-byte-rs/Cargo.lock b/smart-byte/smart-byte-rs/Cargo.lock
index 9a37b24bd..7ac35d21c 100644
--- a/smart-byte/smart-byte-rs/Cargo.lock
+++ b/smart-byte/smart-byte-rs/Cargo.lock
@@ -256,13 +256,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-trait"
-version = "0.1.89"
+version = "0.1.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9035ad2d096bed7955a320ee7e2230574d28fd3c3a0f186cbea1ff3c7eed5dbb"
+checksum = "82f6aeea286b8eb4dd3431a1be1b59d290ace00f5bfd8e2a159bc2a05e2c1667"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.117",
+ "syn 3.0.9",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6469,6 +6469,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "3.0.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d78c8dee4c7bf0e14673097256fed6142ce9d3b85a408189d07482442145823b"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "syn-mid"
 version = "0.5.4"
diff --git a/wai/wai-quantum/src/engine/synth/kak.rs b/wai/wai-quantum/src/engine/synth/kak.rs
index 1778f20d4..ec8b9744d 100644
--- a/wai/wai-quantum/src/engine/synth/kak.rs
+++ b/wai/wai-quantum/src/engine/synth/kak.rs
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ pub fn kak(u: &M4) -> Result<Kak, String> {
     let off = |m: &[[f64; 4]; 4]| (0..4).flat_map(|r| (0..4).map(move |c| (r, c))).filter(|(r, c)| r != c).map(|(r, c)| m[r][c].abs()).fold(0.0, f64::max);
     let mut chosen = None;
     // Mixing weights with nothing in common, tried in turn.
-    for c in [0.577_350_269_189_625_8, 1.618_033_988_749_895, 0.317, 2.5, 0.123_456_789, 4.669_201_609] {
+    for c in [0.577_350_269_189_625_8, std::f64::consts::GOLDEN_RATIO, 0.317, 2.5, 0.123_456_789, 4.669_201_609] {
         let s: [[f64; 4]; 4] = std::array::from_fn(|r| std::array::from_fn(|k| re[r][k] + c * im[r][k]));
         let p = jacobi(s);
         let (dr, di) = (similar(&re, &p), similar(&im, &p));