open-standards/wai/glossary/codecs.json

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  "entries": [
    {
      "name": "BMP",
      "year": 1990,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Device-independent bitmap (DIB): an uncompressed raster format, optionally run-length encoded. Large files and broad tool support; persists in icon resources and as a simple intermediate format."
    },
    {
      "name": "PCX",
      "year": 1985,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The PCX raster format of an early paint program. RLE-compressed indexed-color raster, common in the DOS era. Still readable in image libraries."
    },
    {
      "name": "TGA",
      "year": 1984,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The TGA raster format of an early graphics board. Optional RLE, 24-bit color, alpha channel. Simple to parse, which made it common in 1990s game-development and VFX texture pipelines, where it is still used."
    },
    {
      "name": "XPM",
      "year": 1989,
      "body": "X Window System",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "X PixMap. Text-based image format used by the X Window System for icons and cursors, stored as valid C source so images can be compiled into binaries. Persists in X11 desktop themes."
    },
    {
      "name": "XBM",
      "year": 1984,
      "body": "X Window System",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "X BitMap. Monochrome predecessor to XPM, also valid C source code. Used for X11 monochrome cursors and early web bitmaps."
    },
    {
      "name": "PBM / PGM / PPM / PAM",
      "year": 1988,
      "body": "Netpbm",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Portable Bitmap, Graymap, Pixmap and Arbitrary Map: the Netpbm family of trivially simple uncompressed formats, used as the intermediate format of Unix image-processing pipelines."
    },
    {
      "name": "ICO",
      "year": 1985,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Icon container format. Holds one or more bitmaps (or PNGs in newer files) at several sizes and color depths; the format of the favicon."
    },
    {
      "name": "CUR",
      "year": 1985,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Cursor format: the ICO container with hotspot metadata for the cursor's click point."
    },
    {
      "name": "DDS",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The .dds container for GPU texture-compression formats (BC1–BC7), whose data uploads to the GPU without decoding. Common in PC game texture data."
    },
    {
      "name": "BCn / DXT",
      "year": 1998,
      "body": "Khronos Group",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Block Compression family (BC1 through BC7), formerly DXT/S3TC. Fixed-ratio block-based GPU texture compression, supported in essentially all desktop GPU hardware."
    },
    {
      "name": "ETC1 / ETC2",
      "year": 2005,
      "body": "Khronos Group",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "GPU texture compression standardized for OpenGL ES, where ETC2 is a mandatory format; ETC2 added alpha support."
    },
    {
      "name": "ASTC",
      "year": 2012,
      "body": "Khronos Group",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Adaptive Scalable Texture Compression. Variable block-size GPU texture compression covering 2D and 3D textures, HDR and several channel layouts. Widely supported on mobile GPUs."
    },
    {
      "name": "PVRTC",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "GPU texture compression specific to one family of tile-based mobile GPUs, whose name the acronym carries."
    },
    {
      "name": "GIF",
      "year": 1987,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Graphics Interchange Format. LZW-compressed indexed color with a 256-color palette and simple animation. Persists for short looping animations. Patent disputes over LZW in the 1990s led to the creation of PNG."
    },
    {
      "name": "JPEG",
      "year": 1992,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (JPEG)",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ITU-T T.81 | ISO/IEC 10918-1. DCT-based lossy compression for photographs; the most widely deployed image codec. Its baseline patents have expired, and decoders are universal.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.image.jpeg",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "MozJPEG",
      "year": 2014,
      "body": "MozJPEG",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An open-source JPEG encoder that produces standard, bitstream-compatible JPEG files tuned for smaller size; any JPEG decoder reads its output."
    },
    {
      "name": "JPEG 2000",
      "year": 2000,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (JPEG)",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1. Wavelet-based image coding with lossless and lossy modes. Used in medical imaging (DICOM), digital cinema distribution and archives; browser support is limited.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.image.jp2",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "JPEG XR",
      "year": 2009,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (JPEG)",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "ITU-T T.832 | ISO/IEC 29199-2, standardized from an earlier HD Photo format. Supports HDR and wide gamut. Little deployment outside the platform it originated on."
    },
    {
      "name": "JPEG XS",
      "year": 2019,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (JPEG)",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ISO/IEC 21122. Low-complexity, low-latency intra-frame coding for professional video over IP and other uses where latency matters more than compression ratio. Its RTP payload format is RFC 9134."
    },
    {
      "name": "JPEG XT",
      "year": 2015,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (JPEG)",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ISO/IEC 18477. Backward-compatible HDR extension of JPEG: a baseline JPEG decoder ignores the HDR layer, and an XT decoder reconstructs the full dynamic range. Niche adoption."
    },
    {
      "name": "JPEG_R (gain-map JPEG)",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An HDR image format: a standard JPEG with an appended gain map for HDR reconstruction on capable displays. Deployed in mobile camera software and on the web."
    },
    {
      "name": "WebP",
      "year": 2010,
      "body": "IETF",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Image format built on VP8 intra-frame coding, with lossy and lossless modes; specified in RFC 9649. Broad browser support."
    },
    {
      "name": "WebP 2",
      "year": 2021,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Experimental successor to WebP, never positioned for production deployment."
    },
    {
      "name": "BPG",
      "year": 2014,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Better Portable Graphics. A single-developer format built on HEVC intra-frame coding. HEVC patent licensing blocked its web adoption."
    },
    {
      "name": "HEIC / HEIF",
      "year": 2015,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "High Efficiency Image File Format (ISO/IEC 23008-12), commonly with HEVC-coded images (HEIC). The default photo format of some mobile platforms; HEVC patent licensing has limited web and cross-platform adoption."
    },
    {
      "name": "AVIF",
      "year": 2019,
      "body": "Alliance for Open Media",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "AV1 Image File Format, specified by the Alliance for Open Media: an AV1 image format based on HEIF and conforming to MIAF. Royalty-free, with broad browser support since 2020.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.image.avif",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "JPEG XL",
      "year": 2021,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (JPEG)",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ISO/IEC 18181. Lossless transcoding of existing JPEG files, rate-distortion tuned for high fidelity, designed for archival as well as web delivery. Browser support is partial.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.image.jxl",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "PNG",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": "W3C",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Portable Network Graphics, a W3C Recommendation (Third Edition, 2025). Lossless, deflate-compressed, with an alpha channel. Created as a patent-free alternative to GIF; the default for screenshots, UI assets and images that need transparency.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.image.png",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-defined"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "APNG",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": "W3C",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Animated PNG. A backward-compatible extension (decoders without it show the first frame), now part of the PNG specification's third edition. Supported by most browsers."
    },
    {
      "name": "MNG",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": "PNG Development Group",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Multiple-image Network Graphics. An animated-image format from the PNG group. Not adopted."
    },
    {
      "name": "TIFF",
      "year": 1986,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Tagged Image File Format. A container more than a codec: it carries several compression schemes (uncompressed, LZW, deflate, JPEG, CCITT fax). Common in scanning, printing, scientific imaging and archives."
    },
    {
      "name": "Lossless JPEG",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (JPEG)",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Predictive-coding mode within the original JPEG standard. Almost unrelated algorithmically to baseline JPEG. Used in medical imaging (DICOM) and parts of digital photography."
    },
    {
      "name": "JPEG-LS",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (JPEG)",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ISO/IEC 14495. Based on the LOCO-I algorithm. Low-complexity lossless and near-lossless image coding. Used in medical imaging and other domains where exact preservation matters and CPU is limited."
    },
    {
      "name": "LOCO-I",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Low Complexity Lossless Compression for Images. The research algorithm that became JPEG-LS."
    },
    {
      "name": "CCITT Group 3 / 4",
      "year": 1980,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "The fax compression standards. Run-length and modified-Huffman coding optimized for 1-bit scanned documents. Built into TIFF and PDF; still in active use anywhere documents are faxed or scanned."
    },
    {
      "name": "FLIF",
      "year": 2015,
      "body": "FLIF",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Free Lossless Image Format, using MANIAC entropy coding. Development stopped when its ideas were taken into JPEG XL."
    },
    {
      "name": "QOI",
      "year": 2021,
      "body": "QOI",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Quite OK Image format. A lossless raster format designed to be trivial to implement (a few hundred lines of C). Used in small game-development and embedded projects."
    },
    {
      "name": "OpenEXR",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": "OpenEXR",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "16- and 32-bit floating-point HDR raster format, now an Academy Software Foundation project. The standard format of visual-effects pipelines that preserve scene-linear light."
    },
    {
      "name": "Radiance HDR (.hdr)",
      "year": 1989,
      "body": "Radiance",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "RGBE format: 8-bit RGB plus an 8-bit shared exponent for HDR storage, from the Radiance lighting-simulation system. Common in image-based lighting."
    },
    {
      "name": "DPX",
      "year": 1994,
      "body": "SMPTE",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Digital Picture Exchange, SMPTE ST 268. The film-industry format for scanned motion-picture frames, typically 10-bit log. Used in digital-intermediate workflows."
    },
    {
      "name": "Cineon",
      "year": 1992,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A 10-bit log format for scanned film frames, the predecessor of DPX."
    },
    {
      "name": "DNG",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Digital Negative: an openly documented raw image format derived from TIFF/EP. Adopted by some camera makers; most cameras use their own raw formats."
    },
    {
      "name": "FITS",
      "year": 1981,
      "body": "IAU FITS Working Group",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Flexible Image Transport System. The standard data format of astronomy: multi-dimensional arrays, structured metadata, integer and floating-point pixel types. Maintained by the IAU FITS Working Group."
    },
    {
      "name": "Hap",
      "year": 2012,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A GPU-decoded video codec built on DXT texture compression, published as open source. Designed for live visuals, where decode on the GPU at high frame rates leaves the CPU free."
    },
    {
      "name": "Jetraw",
      "year": 2018,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Proprietary near-lossless compression for scientific cameras that quantizes pixel noise rather than signal. Used in microscopy and other scientific imaging."
    },
    {
      "name": "LERC",
      "year": 2015,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Limited Error Raster Compression: bounded-error compression for geospatial raster data. Open source; used in GIS pipelines."
    },
    {
      "name": "SVG",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": "W3C",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Scalable Vector Graphics, a W3C Recommendation. XML-based vector image format supported by every current browser; used for icons, charts and illustrations."
    },
    {
      "name": "EPS",
      "year": 1987,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Encapsulated PostScript. The vector format of desktop publishing; still found in print pipelines."
    },
    {
      "name": "PDF (as image container)",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": "ISO",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "ISO 32000. A PDF holding a single image or vector illustration works as an image format; universally readable."
    },
    {
      "name": "Factorized-prior image codec (2016)",
      "year": 2016,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "End-to-end optimized image compression (ICLR 2017). Established the autoencoder-with-learned-entropy-model template that later learned image codecs follow."
    },
    {
      "name": "Scale hyperprior (2018)",
      "year": 2018,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Variational image compression with a scale hyperprior (ICLR 2018). Introduced the side-information channel that lets the entropy model adapt to local image statistics; a common baseline of learned image coding. The same paper's factorized-prior model is the bmshj2018 baseline."
    },
    {
      "name": "Joint autoregressive and hierarchical prior (2018)",
      "year": 2018,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Joint autoregressive and hierarchical priors for learned image compression (NeurIPS 2018). Added a PixelCNN-style context model to the hyperprior and introduced the mean-scale hyperprior."
    },
    {
      "name": "Gaussian-mixture and attention image codec (2020)",
      "year": 2020,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Learned image compression with discretized Gaussian mixture likelihoods and attention modules (CVPR 2020). Widely used as a baseline in later learned-compression papers."
    },
    {
      "name": "HiFiC",
      "year": 2020,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "High-Fidelity Generative Image Compression (NeurIPS 2020). A GAN-based decoder that produces perceptually convincing reconstructions at very low bitrates; showed that perceptual quality and pixel fidelity diverge under aggressive compression."
    },
    {
      "name": "JPEG AI",
      "year": 2025,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (JPEG)",
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ISO/IEC 6048-1:2025 | ITU-T T.840.1 (03/2025). The first formally standardized learned image codec: end-to-end learned, with profiles for human viewing and machine analysis. Its bit-exact conformance point is the entropy-decoder output.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.image.jpegai",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "neural-entropy-exact"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "PerCo",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Perceptual compression with a diffusion decoder at ultra-low bitrates, with realism as the explicit objective (ICLR 2024)."
    },
    {
      "name": "PixelCNN (as codec)",
      "year": 2016,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "image",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "An autoregressive density model used for lossless image compression by arithmetic coding over its predicted distributions. Slow; the template for many later learned lossless approaches."
    },
    {
      "name": "H.120",
      "year": 1984,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "The first digital video coding standard. Motion-compensated DPCM, no DCT. Video quality was too poor for practical deployment, but the development process and lessons learned shaped every subsequent ITU-T video standard."
    },
    {
      "name": "H.261",
      "year": 1988,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "The first practical digital video coding standard, designed for ISDN video telephony at 64 kbit/s multiples. Established the DCT + motion compensation + entropy coding template that every subsequent ITU-T and ISO/IEC video standard built on."
    },
    {
      "name": "H.262 / MPEG-2 Video",
      "year": 1995,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ITU-T H.262 | ISO/IEC 13818-2. The video codec of DVD and of digital terrestrial broadcasting, including ATSC; still in broadcast use."
    },
    {
      "name": "H.263",
      "year": 1995,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Low-bitrate video for telephony over PSTN lines and early mobile networks; carried most 3G video calls and early web video."
    },
    {
      "name": "I263",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A non-standard variant of H.263, incompatible with the published specification. Used in early video conferencing software."
    },
    {
      "name": "FLV1 (FourCC)",
      "year": 2002,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A modified H.263 codec, the first video codec of the FLV container."
    },
    {
      "name": "H.264 / AVC",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ITU-T H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10. Hardware decoder support across phones, TVs, browsers and set-top boxes; used on Blu-ray Disc.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.avc",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-defined"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "HEVC / H.265",
      "year": 2013,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "High Efficiency Video Coding, ITU-T H.265 | ISO/IEC 23008-2. Hardware support universal by 2018. Used for UHD broadcast and on Ultra HD Blu-ray; its patents are licensed through several pools.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.hevc",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-defined"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "VVC / H.266",
      "year": 2020,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Versatile Video Coding, ITU-T H.266 | ISO/IEC 23090-3. Its patents are licensed through pools and bilateral licensors.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.vvc",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-defined"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "ECM",
      "year": 2022,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Enhanced Compression Model: the experimental reference software JVET uses to explore video coding beyond VVC."
    },
    {
      "name": "H.264 SVC",
      "year": 2007,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Scalable Video Coding extension to H.264. Encode once into a layered bitstream; decoders pick a subset matching their capabilities. Used in some video conferencing and adaptive streaming systems."
    },
    {
      "name": "H.264 MVC",
      "year": 2009,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Multiview Video Coding. H.264 extension for stereoscopic 3D video. Used on Blu-ray 3D and during the brief 3D-TV era."
    },
    {
      "name": "AVCHD",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Advanced Video Coding High Definition: an application format using H.264 for consumer HD camcorders, from 2006."
    },
    {
      "name": "AVC-Intra",
      "year": 2007,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Intra-frame-only H.264 profiles for professional camcorders, used in broadcast acquisition where edit-friendliness matters more than compression ratio."
    },
    {
      "name": "XAVC",
      "year": 2012,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An H.264-based recording format for professional camcorders and cinema cameras, up to 4K and beyond."
    },
    {
      "name": "LCEVC",
      "year": 2020,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding, MPEG-5 Part 2 (ISO/IEC 23094-2). An enhancement layer whose residuals are added to the upscaled output of a base encode, so it has no meaning on its own. Niche adoption in streaming workflows where reducing encoder cost matters.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.lcevc",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "EVC",
      "year": 2020,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Essential Video Coding, MPEG-5 Part 1 (ISO/IEC 23094-1). Two profiles: Baseline uses only coding tools more than 20 years old or offered royalty-free; Main adds tools whose holders license them on FRAND terms. Minimal adoption.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.evc",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        },
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.evc.baseline",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "AVS3 video",
      "year": 2021,
      "body": "T/AI 109.2-2021",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "AVS3 Part 2 video coding, published as T/AI 109.2-2021 and as IEEE 1857.10. DVB's video and audio coding specification (ETSI TS 101 154) added it in 2022.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.avs3",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-1 Video",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ISO/IEC 11172-2. Designed for Video CD at about 1.5 Mbit/s; its audio part, Layer III, is MP3."
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-4 Part 2 (ASP)",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Advanced Simple Profile of MPEG-4 Part 2 (ISO/IEC 14496-2). Common in file-shared video of the 2000s and on portable devices and digital cameras into the 2010s."
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-4 Visual SP",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Simple Profile of MPEG-4 Part 2, the 3GPP profile for mobile video on early 3G phones."
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-4 Part 2 in AVI (proprietary, 1999)",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A proprietary MPEG-4 Part 2 implementation and file format of the late 1990s and 2000s."
    },
    {
      "name": "Xvid",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": "Xvid",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An open-source MPEG-4 Part 2 implementation, common in the early-2000s download scene."
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-4 Part 2 cross-platform implementation (2001)",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An MPEG-4 Part 2 implementation from the early 2000s, used briefly in cross-platform playback."
    },
    {
      "name": "VP3",
      "year": 2000,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Released as open source in 2001 and given to the Xiph.Org Foundation as the basis of Theora; the start of the open-codec lineage that led to AV1."
    },
    {
      "name": "VP4",
      "year": 2000,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The incremental successor to VP3. Little deployment."
    },
    {
      "name": "VP5",
      "year": 2002,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A mid-2000s video codec with modest deployment in early streaming products."
    },
    {
      "name": "VP6",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The video codec of the FLV container (.flv) from 2005 to about 2010, the main web video codec of that period."
    },
    {
      "name": "VP7",
      "year": 2005,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A mid-2000s video codec used briefly for internet video calls; the step before VP8."
    },
    {
      "name": "VP8",
      "year": 2010,
      "body": "WebM Project",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A royalty-free video codec released as open source through the WebM Project (RFC 6386 describes its bitstream). The mandatory-to-implement video codec of WebRTC, with H.264."
    },
    {
      "name": "VP9",
      "year": 2013,
      "body": "WebM Project",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Successor to VP8, specified by the VP9 Bitstream & Decoding Process Specification. Used for streaming delivery and decoded in hardware on many devices.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.vp9",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-defined"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "AV1",
      "year": 2018,
      "body": "Alliance for Open Media",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "AV1 Bitstream & Decoding Process Specification of the Alliance for Open Media (2018), licensed royalty-free under the AOMedia Patent License 1.0. Used by major streaming services, with hardware decode widely shipped by 2023.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.av1",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        },
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.av1.lossless",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "AV2",
      "year": 2026,
      "body": "Alliance for Open Media",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "AV2 Bitstream & Decoding Process Specification v1.0.0 (28 May 2026), with the AVM v1.0.0 reference software. Coded as OBUs; the specification's Annex B defines a length-delimited form in which each OBU is preceded by its leb128 byte length.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.av2",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "TrueMotion",
      "year": 1994,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The predecessors of the VPx codecs, used in some 1990s multimedia titles."
    },
    {
      "name": "MSVC (Video 1)",
      "year": 1992,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A vector-quantization codec of an early-1990s desktop video framework, identified by the FourCC MSVC; the same codec as CRAM."
    },
    {
      "name": "MSRLE",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An 8-bit run-length-encoded video codec of an early-1990s desktop video framework, used for simple animations and screen captures."
    },
    {
      "name": "MP41 / MP42 / MP43",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Early, non-conforming MPEG-4 Part 2 variants identified by these FourCCs; MP43 was the basis of an early proprietary MPEG-4 Part 2 implementation in AVI."
    },
    {
      "name": "WMV1 / WMV2 / WMV3 (FourCC)",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A family of proprietary video codecs of the late 1990s and 2000s, identified by these FourCCs; the third was standardized as VC-1."
    },
    {
      "name": "VC-1 (SMPTE 421M)",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": "SMPTE",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "SMPTE 421M, the standardized form of the WMV3 codec. A mandatory codec of HD DVD and an optional codec of Blu-ray Disc."
    },
    {
      "name": "MSS1 / MSS2 (FourCC)",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Screen-capture variants of the WMV1–WMV3 family, for presentation recording."
    },
    {
      "name": "Animation RLE (FourCC rle)",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A run-length-encoded codec of a 1991 desktop video framework, lossless or near-lossless, for flat-color animation; still used for lossless intermediates."
    },
    {
      "name": "RPZA (Road Pizza)",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The codec of the first release of a 1991 desktop video framework, based on vector quantization; one of the first widely used software video codecs."
    },
    {
      "name": "SMC (FourCC smc)",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A vector-quantization codec for screen captures and pixel art in an early desktop video framework."
    },
    {
      "name": "SVQ1 / SVQ3",
      "year": 1998,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The main video codecs of a desktop video framework in the late 1990s and early 2000s, under a proprietary licence; SVQ3 is H.264-derived."
    },
    {
      "name": "Cinepak",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A vector-quantization codec designed for 1x CD-ROM transfer rates (150 KB/s). The main video codec of the desktop video frameworks of its time, and of many 1990s console titles."
    },
    {
      "name": "Pixlet",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A wavelet-based intra-frame codec, used briefly for film previews."
    },
    {
      "name": "SMPTE RDD 36",
      "year": 2007,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An intra-frame codec family for professional editing, with tiers from proxy to 4444 XQ. Widely used in post-production; designed for editing, not delivery. Its bitstream is documented in SMPTE RDD 36."
    },
    {
      "name": "AIC (Intermediate Codec)",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An editing intermediate for HDV workflows that preceded the SMPTE RDD 36 family."
    },
    {
      "name": "RT21 (FourCC)",
      "year": 1992,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A vector-quantization codec of the early 1990s, the first of a family identified by the FourCCs RT21, IV31/IV32, IV41 and IV50."
    },
    {
      "name": "IV31 / IV32 (FourCC)",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A mid-1990s consumer multimedia codec, shipped on many CD-ROM titles."
    },
    {
      "name": "IV41 (FourCC)",
      "year": 1995,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A wavelet-based variant of the RT21 family, used in some late-1990s educational and game titles."
    },
    {
      "name": "IV50 (FourCC)",
      "year": 1997,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The last release of the RT21 family."
    },
    {
      "name": "RV10–RV40 (FourCC)",
      "year": 1997,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A streaming video codec family of the late 1990s and early 2000s (RV10 through RV40), tied to its own player and streaming servers."
    },
    {
      "name": "FLV screen video v1 / v2",
      "year": 2002,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Screen-recording codecs of the FLV container; v1 carried many mid-2000s screencasts."
    },
    {
      "name": "ASAO (in video packages)",
      "year": 2002,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An audio codec of a 2000s browser-plugin multimedia platform, listed here because early conferencing video-plus-audio packages carried it. See the audio entry."
    },
    {
      "name": "Theora",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": "Xiph.Org Foundation",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An open-source video codec from the Xiph.Org Foundation, derived from VP3. Considered for HTML5's baseline video codec; succeeded by VP8 and AV1."
    },
    {
      "name": "Dirac",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A wavelet-based, royalty-free, open-source video codec designed for broadcast use; its professional subset was standardized as SMPTE VC-2 (ST 2042). Not deployed widely for distribution."
    },
    {
      "name": "Tarkin",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": "Xiph.Org Foundation",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A wavelet-based video codec project of the Xiph.Org Foundation, abandoned before it reached a usable state."
    },
    {
      "name": "Snow",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": "FFmpeg",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An experimental wavelet-based codec in FFmpeg, with lossless and lossy modes. Not used by any production format."
    },
    {
      "name": "Schrödinger",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An alternative implementation of Dirac; abandoned with Dirac."
    },
    {
      "name": "Daala",
      "year": 2013,
      "body": "Xiph.Org Foundation",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A next-generation open video codec project of the Xiph.Org Foundation. Several of its ideas (lapped transforms, perceptual vector quantization) were contributed to AV1."
    },
    {
      "name": "Thor",
      "year": 2015,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A royalty-free video codec project, contributed to AV1 and then discontinued; documented in IETF NETVC drafts."
    },
    {
      "name": "DV / DVCPRO / DVCAM",
      "year": 1995,
      "body": "IEC",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Digital Video (IEC 61834): an intra-frame DCT codec at a fixed 25 Mbit/s, used in consumer and prosumer camcorders from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s."
    },
    {
      "name": "DVCPRO HD",
      "year": 2000,
      "body": "SMPTE",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The HD extension of DVCPRO at 100 Mbit/s (SMPTE 370M), used in broadcast acquisition."
    },
    {
      "name": "HDCAM",
      "year": 1997,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An HD broadcast tape format with a DCT-based intra-frame codec, common in 2000s HD broadcast."
    },
    {
      "name": "VC-3 (SMPTE ST 2019-1)",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": "SMPTE",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "SMPTE VC-3 (ST 2019-1), an intra-frame codec for professional editing; two implementation families carry it. Heavily used in broadcast and post-production."
    },
    {
      "name": "JPEG 2000 (DCI cinema)",
      "year": 2005,
      "body": "ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (JPEG)",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "JPEG 2000 codestreams as the picture essence of the Digital Cinema Package (SMPTE ST 429 / ST 422), the distribution format of theatrical digital cinema.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.video.j2k",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "VC-5 (CineForm)",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": "SMPTE",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "SMPTE VC-5 (ST 2073), a wavelet-based visually lossless intermediate codec; CineForm is its implementation, released as open source."
    },
    {
      "name": "BRAW",
      "year": 2018,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A partially processed raw video codec of cinema cameras, preserving sensor data at sizes below CinemaDNG."
    },
    {
      "name": "CinemaDNG",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Frame sequences of DNG for motion-picture cameras, used by some independent cinema cameras for raw recording."
    },
    {
      "name": "R3D camera raw (.r3d)",
      "year": 2007,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A wavelet-based raw video codec of a cinema camera line."
    },
    {
      "name": "ARI camera raw (.ari)",
      "year": 2009,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The uncompressed raw output of a cinema camera line, used as a reference acquisition format."
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-2 I-frame intermediate",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "MPEG-2 intra-only coding at high bitrates, used as an editing intermediate in some broadcast workflows."
    },
    {
      "name": "Hap (video)",
      "year": 2012,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "DXT-based GPU-decoded video for live visuals at high frame rates: texture compression used as video. See the image-modality entry."
    },
    {
      "name": "DXV",
      "year": 2009,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Texture-compressed video for live-visuals software; decode runs on the GPU at minimal CPU cost."
    },
    {
      "name": "Forward Uncompressed (FRWU)",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An uncompressed YUV codec found in legacy archives."
    },
    {
      "name": "Huffyuv",
      "year": 2000,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A lossless video codec using predictive coding plus Huffman entropy coding; the original lossless editing intermediate of its platform, with a family of descendants."
    },
    {
      "name": "FFV1",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": "IETF",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A lossless intra-frame video codec, range-coded, specified in RFC 9043. Used for video archival by national memory institutions."
    },
    {
      "name": "Lagarith",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A lossless video codec with arithmetic coding, used in screen capture and editing workflows."
    },
    {
      "name": "MagicYUV",
      "year": 2015,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A fast lossless video codec for capture and editing, built for multi-core encoding."
    },
    {
      "name": "Ut Video",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": "Ut Video",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An open-source lossless video codec with broad chroma-format support."
    },
    {
      "name": "MSU Lossless Video Codec",
      "year": 2005,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A research lossless video codec from a university video group, favouring compression over speed."
    },
    {
      "name": "MSU Screen Capture Lossless",
      "year": 2007,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A screen-capture variant of the same research codec family."
    },
    {
      "name": "ASLC",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A lossless video codec using median prediction plus Huffman coding, briefly used in capture workflows."
    },
    {
      "name": "CamStudio Lossless",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "The codec of an open-source screen recorder: optional delta-frame coding with LZO or deflate."
    },
    {
      "name": "CLLC",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An editing-oriented lossless codec (FourCC CLLC) using left prediction plus Huffman coding."
    },
    {
      "name": "YULS / ArithYUV",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Arithmetic-coded variants of the Huffyuv approach, used in some capture workflows."
    },
    {
      "name": "ScreenPressor",
      "year": 2007,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A screen-capture codec."
    },
    {
      "name": "LCL (MSZH / ZLIB)",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "LossLess Codec Library: frames compressed with LZ77 variants, common in late-1990s capture workflows."
    },
    {
      "name": "CorePNG",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A sequence of PNG frames packaged as a video stream; lossless, for animated content with transparency."
    },
    {
      "name": "Sheer Video",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A mathematically lossless professional video codec used in a few editing workflows; no longer maintained."
    },
    {
      "name": "TSCC",
      "year": 2002,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A screen-capture codec built for the slow, region-stable nature of screen recordings."
    },
    {
      "name": "TSC2",
      "year": 2010,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The successor to TSCC, also for screen content."
    },
    {
      "name": "EnSharpen",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A screen-capture codec for editing intermediates."
    },
    {
      "name": "VMnc",
      "year": 2010,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A screen codec used by remote-display protocols and recording tools (FourCC VMnc)."
    },
    {
      "name": "Fraps",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A lossless YV12 codec for real-time capture of game framebuffers, from a game-capture utility of the same name."
    },
    {
      "name": "Dxtory",
      "year": 2010,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A lossless RGB game-capture codec from the capture tool of the same name."
    },
    {
      "name": "FIC",
      "year": 2010,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Fast Intra Codec, used by a game-capture tool."
    },
    {
      "name": "G2M",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A screen codec for desktop sharing in a web-conferencing service, mixing lossless and lossy regions by content."
    },
    {
      "name": "LSCR",
      "year": 2010,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A screen-capture codec from a multimedia SDK."
    },
    {
      "name": "MWSC",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A screen-capture codec bundled with presentation software."
    },
    {
      "name": "RSCC",
      "year": 2009,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A screen-capture codec used in remote-support software."
    },
    {
      "name": "Mimic",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A screen-capture codec with niche enterprise deployments."
    },
    {
      "name": "CRAM",
      "year": 1992,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A vector-quantization, indexed-color codec of an early-1990s desktop video framework; see MSVC (Video 1)."
    },
    {
      "name": "SMK video (.smk)",
      "year": 1994,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An 8-bit palette-based video codec with adaptive Huffman coding, used for cinematics in many 1990s PC games."
    },
    {
      "name": "BIK video (.bik)",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A hybrid block-transform and wavelet codec designed for low decoder requirements across game consoles; used for in-game cinematics for over two decades."
    },
    {
      "name": "BK2 video (.bk2)",
      "year": 2011,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The current revision of the BIK format, for HD cinematics in games."
    },
    {
      "name": "RoQ",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A vector-quantization cinematic video codec used in late-1990s and early-2000s games."
    },
    {
      "name": "CIN (1997 game engine)",
      "year": 1997,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The cinematic format of a 1997 game engine: simple intra-frame compression for intro and ending videos."
    },
    {
      "name": "SANM / Smush",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A game cinematic video codec of the CD-ROM era, packaged in its own container."
    },
    {
      "name": "MVE",
      "year": 1994,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A multimedia format with its own video codec, used in many 1990s games."
    },
    {
      "name": "VMD",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An in-house video format for full-motion video in 1990s adventure games."
    },
    {
      "name": "VQA",
      "year": 1992,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Vector Quantized Animation, the video format of a series of 1990s strategy and adventure games."
    },
    {
      "name": "C93",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A one-off game-engine video format of the 1990s."
    },
    {
      "name": "DSI CIN",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An in-house game video format of the early 1990s."
    },
    {
      "name": "Escape 124 / 130",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Game-engine video codecs of the early 2000s."
    },
    {
      "name": "KMVC",
      "year": 1995,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A game cinematic video codec of the mid-1990s."
    },
    {
      "name": "KGV1",
      "year": 2005,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A capture codec built into a console emulator, used for game preservation and speedrun recording."
    },
    {
      "name": "UltiMotion",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A CD-ROM-era multimedia codec of the early 1990s."
    },
    {
      "name": "FLIC / FLI / FLC",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Run-length-encoded indexed-color animation, the animation format of DOS-era multimedia."
    },
    {
      "name": "HNM (Hello Nico)",
      "year": 1995,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A video format used in several 1990s adventure games."
    },
    {
      "name": "ClearVideo",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A fractal-based video codec of the 1990s, considered for video conferencing."
    },
    {
      "name": "Fractal video codec (2001)",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A fractal video codec; never deployed at scale."
    },
    {
      "name": "MidiVid",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A vector-quantization codec for game animation archives."
    },
    {
      "name": "DXA",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": "ScummVM",
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A format the ScummVM project uses to package video for some re-engineered games."
    },
    {
      "name": "Pixel-VQ (XCF)",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Vector-quantization variants used in a few game titles, documented mostly by reverse-engineering projects."
    },
    {
      "name": "DVC",
      "year": 2019,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Deep Video Compression. The first end-to-end deep video compression framework. Established the residual-coding paradigm: predicted frames generated, residuals encoded by a learned image codec."
    },
    {
      "name": "M-LVC",
      "year": 2020,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Multiple-frames Learned Video Compression (CVPR 2020): multiple reference frames and a learned in-loop filter."
    },
    {
      "name": "FVC",
      "year": 2021,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Feature-domain Video Compression. Moved all the major operations (motion estimation, compensation, residual coding) into a learned feature space rather than pixel space."
    },
    {
      "name": "DCVC",
      "year": 2021,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Deep Contextual Video Compression (NeurIPS 2021). Moved from residual coding to conditional coding with learned context features from previously decoded frames; the template of the DCVC series."
    },
    {
      "name": "DCVC-TCM",
      "year": 2022,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Temporal Context Mining variant of DCVC, with multi-scale temporal contexts."
    },
    {
      "name": "DCVC-HEM",
      "year": 2022,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Hybrid Entropy Model variant of DCVC."
    },
    {
      "name": "DCVC-DC",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Diverse Contexts variant of DCVC."
    },
    {
      "name": "DCVC-FM",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Feature Modulation variant of DCVC (CVPR 2024): single-model variable-rate coding across a wide bitrate range, in RGB and YUV.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.neural.dcvc_fm",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "neural-float"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "C2F",
      "year": 2022,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Coarse-to-fine motion estimation with hyperprior-guided adaptive coding, a learned video framework."
    },
    {
      "name": "MMVC",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Mixed-Motion Video Coding: adapts the coding strategy per block to its motion."
    },
    {
      "name": "DHVC 1.0 / 2.0",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Deep Hierarchical Video Compression: a hierarchical VAE in place of the conditional-coding template, with real-time encoding and decoding on consumer GPUs reported."
    },
    {
      "name": "VCT",
      "year": 2022,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Video Compression Transformer. Pure-transformer architecture for neural video compression."
    },
    {
      "name": "I2VC",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Unified Intra and Inter-frame Video Compression. Single framework that handles I-frames, P-frames, and B-frames in one architecture."
    },
    {
      "name": "GFVC",
      "year": 2022,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Generative Face Video Coding. Family of codecs that transmit a reference frame plus a stream of facial keypoints or 3DMM parameters, with the receiver animating the face from those primitives. Ships talking-head video at single-digit kilobits per second."
    },
    {
      "name": "AVCC",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Audio-Visual Cross-modal Codec: audio and video in one low-bitrate codec that uses lip motion to help reconstruct audio, reported at about 1.4 kbit/s for talking-head video plus audio."
    },
    {
      "name": "CMVC",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Coherent Motion Video Compression. Decomposes video into semantically coherent clips, each represented as a keyframe plus a motion description. Receiver synthesizes the motion."
    },
    {
      "name": "First Frame + Description",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "An ultra-low-bitrate video scheme: a still image plus a text description, from which the receiver generates the motion."
    },
    {
      "name": "Face reenactment conferencing codec",
      "year": 2020,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "video",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A production video-conferencing toolkit that includes a generative face codec for ultra-low-bitrate talking-head video. See GFVC for the codec family."
    },
    {
      "name": "PCM (uncompressed)",
      "year": 1937,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Pulse Code Modulation: not compression, but the representation every digital audio codec decodes to, and the payload of WAV, AIFF and most uncompressed audio."
    },
    {
      "name": "ADPCM",
      "year": 1973,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Adaptive Differential PCM: predictive coding for digital telephony at half the bandwidth of PCM, used in early CD-ROM games, DECT cordless phones and as ITU-T G.726."
    },
    {
      "name": "IMA ADPCM",
      "year": 1992,
      "body": "Interactive Multimedia Association",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "An ADPCM variant with a 4:1 compression ratio, widely used in 1990s multimedia and game audio."
    },
    {
      "name": "ADPCM (WAVE format 2)",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The ADPCM variant registered as WAVE format tag 2, a common compressed audio format in WAV files of the 1990s."
    },
    {
      "name": "A-law / Mu-law",
      "year": 1972,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Companding logarithmic PCM as defined in G.711. The fundamental encoding of analog telephony. Mu-law in North America and Japan, A-law in Europe. Still ubiquitous in circuit-switched telephony."
    },
    {
      "name": "ADX",
      "year": 1992,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An ADPCM-derived format used in many games of the late 1990s and early 2000s."
    },
    {
      "name": "MP1",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "MPEG-1 Audio Layer I (ISO/IEC 11172-3), the simplest of the three MPEG-1 audio layers; used on Digital Compact Cassette."
    },
    {
      "name": "MP2",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (ISO/IEC 11172-3). Designed for digital broadcasting; still the audio of DAB radio in much of Europe and of many MPEG-2 transport streams."
    },
    {
      "name": "MP3",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (ISO/IEC 11172-3). The defining consumer digital audio format for two decades; its patents expired in 2017, and decoders are universal."
    },
    {
      "name": "MP3 PRO",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "MP3 with Spectral Band Replication, backward-compatible (decoders without it hear only the base layer). Not adopted."
    },
    {
      "name": "AAC",
      "year": 1997,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Advanced Audio Coding (ISO/IEC 13818-7, ISO/IEC 14496-3). The successor to MP3 in the MPEG audio family; carried in broadcast, streaming and device playback.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.audio.aac",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "HE-AAC",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "High-Efficiency AAC: baseline AAC with Spectral Band Replication. Used in DAB+, satellite radio and low-bitrate streaming.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.audio.aac",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "HE-AAC v2",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "HE-AAC plus Parametric Stereo, for very-low-bitrate stereo audio (under 32 kbit/s). Used in some streaming radio applications.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.audio.aac",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "AAC-LD",
      "year": 2000,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Low-Delay AAC, for real-time bidirectional audio such as video calling."
    },
    {
      "name": "AAC-ELD",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Enhanced Low-Delay AAC, with lower latency than AAC-LD; used in some audio-over-IP applications."
    },
    {
      "name": "xHE-AAC",
      "year": 2012,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Extended HE-AAC: the AAC profile that adds USAC's unified speech-and-audio coding to HE-AAC v2. Used by streaming services for low-bitrate delivery. ADTS cannot carry it."
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-D USAC",
      "year": 2012,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Unified Speech and Audio Coding. Combines AAC with speech-coding techniques in a single codec. The basis of xHE-AAC."
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-H 3D Audio",
      "year": 2015,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ISO/IEC 23008-3. Channel-, object- and scene-based (higher-order ambisonics) audio. Its self-synchronising packet stream, the MPEG-H 3D Audio Stream (MHAS), is the form broadcast carriage uses.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.audio.mpegh",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "AVS3 audio (Audio Vivid)",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": "T/AI 109.3-2023",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "AVS3 Part 3 immersive audio with lossy and lossless modes: T/AI 109.3-2023, GY/T 363-2023 (\"Audio Vivid\") and the national 3D-audio standard GB/T 46271-2025, treated as one bitstream family (their bitstream identity was not checked against the standard texts). DVB's video and audio coding specification added it in November 2024.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.audio.avs3",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "IAMF",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": "Alliance for Open Media",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Immersive Audio Model and Formats of the Alliance for Open Media: a codec-agnostic description of channel-based, scene-based (ambisonics) and binaural immersive audio that carries Opus, AAC, FLAC or LPCM substreams. Reference implementation libiamf (Apache-2.0).",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.audio.iamf",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "Musepack (MPC)",
      "year": 1997,
      "body": "Musepack",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An open lossy audio codec based on MPEG-1 Layer II techniques, used in the late-1990s audiophile scene; development stalled in 2009."
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-4 ALS",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding (ISO/IEC 14496-3). Used in some broadcast archival workflows."
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-4 SLS",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "MPEG-4 Scalable to Lossless: a lossy AAC base layer that can be augmented to lossless. Niche adoption."
    },
    {
      "name": "HVXC",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding. Very-low-bitrate parametric speech codec inside MPEG-4 Audio. Almost no deployment."
    },
    {
      "name": "HILN",
      "year": 2000,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Harmonic and Individual Lines and Noise. Parametric audio codec inside MPEG-4 Audio. Effectively a research artifact."
    },
    {
      "name": "Vorbis",
      "year": 2002,
      "body": "Xiph.Org Foundation",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A royalty-free general-purpose audio codec from the Xiph.Org Foundation; the audio codec of the original WebM. Largely superseded by Opus."
    },
    {
      "name": "Speex",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": "Xiph.Org Foundation",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An open-source CELP-based speech codec from the Xiph.Org Foundation, royalty-free, widely used in open-source VoIP; obsoleted by Opus in 2012."
    },
    {
      "name": "CELT",
      "year": 2007,
      "body": "Xiph.Org Foundation",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Constrained Energy Lapped Transform: a low-latency music codec from the Xiph.Org Foundation, folded into Opus as its music mode."
    },
    {
      "name": "FLAC",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": "IETF",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Free Lossless Audio Codec, specified in RFC 9639. The common lossless format for music archival and distribution; royalty-free and open source.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.audio.flac",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-defined"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "OggPCM",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": "Xiph.Org Foundation",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Uncompressed PCM in an Ogg container, with Ogg metadata."
    },
    {
      "name": "Opus",
      "year": 2012,
      "body": "IETF",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "RFC 6716. A hybrid of SILK and CELT covering 6 kbit/s narrowband speech to 510 kbit/s music. Mandatory to implement in WebRTC; widely used in VoIP and low-latency audio.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.audio.opus",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "WAVE format 0x0160 / 0x0161 audio",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A proprietary lossy audio codec family of the late 1990s and 2000s."
    },
    {
      "name": "WAVE format 0x0162 audio",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A higher-quality, multichannel variant of the 0x0161 audio family."
    },
    {
      "name": "WAVE format 0x0163 audio (lossless)",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The lossless variant of the 0x0161 audio family."
    },
    {
      "name": "WAVE format 0x000A audio (speech)",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A low-bitrate speech variant of the 0x0161 audio family."
    },
    {
      "name": "cook / sipr streaming audio (FourCC)",
      "year": 1995,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A proprietary streaming audio codec family of the late 1990s and 2000s (FourCCs cook, sipr and others), tied to its own player and servers."
    },
    {
      "name": "ralf (FourCC, lossless)",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The lossless variant of the cook / sipr streaming audio family."
    },
    {
      "name": "ATRAC",
      "year": 1992,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding, the codec of a 1990s magneto-optical recordable disc format, with several revisions."
    },
    {
      "name": "ATRAC3 / ATRAC3plus",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Successor variants of ATRAC, used in portable players and handheld consoles."
    },
    {
      "name": "ATRAC Advanced Lossless",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A lossless hybrid extension of ATRAC, used in the late high-capacity revision of the same disc format."
    },
    {
      "name": "QDM2 (FourCC)",
      "year": 1997,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An audio codec of a desktop video framework in the late 1990s and early 2000s."
    },
    {
      "name": "QCELP (TIA IS-733)",
      "year": 1994,
      "body": "TIA",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Code Excited Linear Prediction speech coding for early CDMA phones, standardized as TIA IS-96 and IS-733; the .qcp file format."
    },
    {
      "name": "ASAO",
      "year": 2002,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A speech and music codec of a 2000s browser-plugin multimedia platform, used for live audio streaming and voice chat."
    },
    {
      "name": "AC-3 (ATSC A/52)",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": "ATSC",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "ATSC A/52 (also ETSI TS 102 366). The audio codec of DVD, ATSC broadcast and much cinema sound: 5.1 surround at 384–448 kbit/s."
    },
    {
      "name": "E-AC-3 (ATSC A/52 Annex E)",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": "ATSC",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Enhanced AC-3, ATSC A/52 Annex E and ETSI TS 102 366: higher bitrates and more channels; used for surround audio in streaming."
    },
    {
      "name": "AC-4 (ETSI TS 103 190)",
      "year": 2014,
      "body": "ETSI",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "ETSI TS 103 190: a next-generation audio codec with object-based audio, used in some ATSC 3.0 and DVB broadcasts. Proprietary licensing.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.audio.ac4",
          "licence": "proprietary",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "DCA (ETSI TS 102 114)",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": "ETSI",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Coherent Acoustics, ETSI TS 102 114: a multichannel audio codec on DVD and Blu-ray Disc."
    },
    {
      "name": "DCA lossless extension (XLL)",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The lossless hybrid extension of Coherent Acoustics, used on Blu-ray Disc and Ultra HD Blu-ray."
    },
    {
      "name": "ETSI TS 103 491",
      "year": 2015,
      "body": "ETSI",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "ETSI TS 103 491: an object-based immersive audio format for cinema, home and broadcast."
    },
    {
      "name": "TrueHD",
      "year": 2005,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A lossless audio codec on Blu-ray Disc and Ultra HD Blu-ray, based on MLP."
    },
    {
      "name": "MLP",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "The lossless packing algorithm of DVD-Audio and the basis of TrueHD."
    },
    {
      "name": "Object-based immersive audio layer",
      "year": 2012,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Object-based surround audio that is not a codec of its own but a layer carried in E-AC-3 (joint object coding), AC-4 or TrueHD. Widely used in cinema and home audio."
    },
    {
      "name": "Layered height-channel cinema audio (2010)",
      "year": 2010,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A layered immersive audio format used in some cinemas and home receivers."
    },
    {
      "name": "DRA",
      "year": 2007,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "A Chinese national audio coding standard, used in domestic broadcast and HD radio in China."
    },
    {
      "name": "SDDS",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Dynamic Digital Sound: a cinema audio format on 8-track 35mm prints, discontinued in 2006."
    },
    {
      "name": "Shorten (SHN)",
      "year": 1994,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An early widely used lossless audio codec (predictive coding plus Rice coding), common in live-recording trading communities before FLAC."
    },
    {
      "name": "Monkey's Audio (APE)",
      "year": 2000,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A lossless audio codec with high compression ratios; its licence has limited its inclusion in players."
    },
    {
      "name": "WavPack",
      "year": 1998,
      "body": "WavPack",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An open-source lossless audio codec with a hybrid lossless/lossy mode, used in archival workflows."
    },
    {
      "name": "OptimFROG",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A proprietary lossless audio codec designed for maximum compression at the cost of speed; its DualStream variant is hybrid lossy-plus-correction."
    },
    {
      "name": "TTA (True Audio)",
      "year": 2002,
      "body": "TTA",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "True Audio: a fast open-source lossless audio codec, actively maintained."
    },
    {
      "name": "TAK",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A closed-source lossless codec designed for high compression at high speed."
    },
    {
      "name": "ALAC",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A lossless audio codec released as open source (Apache-2.0) in 2011; common in one platform's music library."
    },
    {
      "name": "lossyWAV",
      "year": 2007,
      "body": "lossyWAV",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A preprocessor that makes audio more compressible under lossless codecs by zeroing inaudible low bits; used to make smaller FLAC, TAK or WavPack files."
    },
    {
      "name": "RKAU",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "RK Audio, a niche lossless codec of the late 1990s."
    },
    {
      "name": "MOD / S3M / XM / IT (module music)",
      "year": 1987,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Module music formats: not codecs in the usual sense, but compact audio made of short samples plus pattern-sequencing data; the music formats of the demoscene."
    },
    {
      "name": "Direct Stream Transfer (DST)",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Direct Stream Transfer: lossless compression of DSD, standardized in MPEG-4 Audio (ISO/IEC 14496-3) and mandatory for multichannel SACD."
    },
    {
      "name": "DSD",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Direct Stream Digital: 1-bit pulse-density modulation at 2.8224 MHz, the recording format of SACD. A representation rather than a codec."
    },
    {
      "name": "Adaptive Rate-Distortion Optimized (ARDOR)",
      "year": 2002,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Adaptive Rate-Distortion Optimized sound codeR. Research codec from the early 2000s."
    },
    {
      "name": "Impala",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "An audio codec of a web-based video-editing platform."
    },
    {
      "name": "Original Sound Quality (OSQ)",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A lossless audio format used in a few streaming-era products."
    },
    {
      "name": "Siren",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Wideband audio codecs for video conferencing whose 7 kHz and 14 kHz versions became ITU-T G.722.1 and G.722.1 Annex C."
    },
    {
      "name": "Bluetooth SBC",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": "Bluetooth SIG",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Sub-Band Codec: the mandatory codec of Bluetooth A2DP audio, used whenever no other codec is negotiated."
    },
    {
      "name": "aptX",
      "year": 1989,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Adaptive transform coding for Bluetooth audio, with several variants (HD, Adaptive, Lossless) for higher fidelity and lower latency."
    },
    {
      "name": "LDAC",
      "year": 2014,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A high-bitrate Bluetooth audio codec, up to 990 kbit/s, supported in a major mobile operating system since 2017."
    },
    {
      "name": "LC3",
      "year": 2020,
      "body": "Bluetooth SIG",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Low Complexity Communications Codec: the mandatory codec of Bluetooth LE Audio (also ETSI TS 103 634)."
    },
    {
      "name": "SSC (scalable Bluetooth codec)",
      "year": 2019,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A Bluetooth audio codec that adapts its bitrate to channel conditions, used in one family of wireless earbuds."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.711",
      "year": 1972,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "PCM telephony at 64 kbit/s. The toll-quality reference of circuit-switched telephony and of many SIP/VoIP deployments."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.711.0",
      "year": 2009,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Lossless compression of G.711 streams. Used in some VoIP applications to save bandwidth on G.711 calls."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.711.1",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Wideband extension of G.711. Backward-compatible enhancement layer for wideband audio."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.721",
      "year": 1984,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Early ADPCM at 32 kbit/s. Superseded by G.726."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.722",
      "year": 1988,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "7 kHz wideband ADPCM at 64 kbit/s: the first wideband ('HD voice') codec, in most desk VoIP phones. Patents long expired."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.722.1",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Wideband audio at 24 or 32 kbit/s, used in business video conferencing."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.722.1 Annex C (Siren 14)",
      "year": 2005,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Super-wideband variant of G.722.1. 14 kHz audio bandwidth. Used in high-end conferencing systems."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.722.2 / AMR-WB",
      "year": 2002,
      "body": "3GPP",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (3GPP; ITU-T G.722.2): the wideband 'HD Voice' codec of most VoLTE deployments."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.723.1",
      "year": 1995,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Low-bitrate speech codec at 5.3 or 6.3 kbit/s. Used in some video conferencing and VoIP gateways."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.726",
      "year": 1990,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ADPCM at 16, 24, 32, or 40 kbit/s. The successor to G.721 and G.723. Used in DECT cordless phones and some satellite telephony."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.728",
      "year": 1992,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "16 kbit/s low-delay CELP. Designed for ISDN and high-quality videoconferencing audio. Niche in specialized telephony equipment."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.729",
      "year": 1995,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "8 kbit/s CS-ACELP, long the common codec of business VoIP. Patents expired in 2017."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.729A",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Annex A. Reduced-complexity variant of G.729, bit-stream compatible with full G.729."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.729.1",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Wideband and scalable extension of G.729. Backward compatible with G.729 base layer."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.718",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Embedded scalable codec covering narrowband and wideband at 8 to 32 kbit/s. Niche adoption in next-generation network voice."
    },
    {
      "name": "G.719",
      "year": 2008,
      "body": "ITU-T",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Low-complexity full-band audio codec. 20 kHz bandwidth at 32 to 128 kbit/s. Used in some conferencing systems."
    },
    {
      "name": "LPC-10",
      "year": 1984,
      "body": "FS-1015",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Federal Standard 1015: a 2.4 kbit/s speech codec based on linear predictive coding, intelligible but unnatural-sounding."
    },
    {
      "name": "MELP / MELPe",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": "MIL-STD-3005",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction (MIL-STD-3005; NATO STANAG 4591 for MELPe): a 2.4 kbit/s speech codec used in defence communications."
    },
    {
      "name": "GSM-FR",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": "ETSI",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "The first speech codec of GSM: 13 kbit/s RPE-LTP."
    },
    {
      "name": "GSM-HR",
      "year": 1994,
      "body": "ETSI",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "The half-rate GSM codec: 5.6 kbit/s VSELP, designed to double network capacity."
    },
    {
      "name": "GSM-EFR",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": "ETSI",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "The Enhanced Full Rate GSM codec: 12.2 kbit/s ACELP, deployed in most 2G GSM networks."
    },
    {
      "name": "AMR-NB",
      "year": 1999,
      "body": "3GPP",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Adaptive Multi-Rate Narrowband: the 3GPP speech codec of 3G voice, still a fallback codec on most mobile networks."
    },
    {
      "name": "EVRC",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": "3GPP2",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Enhanced Variable Rate Codec: the speech codec of CDMA cellular networks in the 2000s."
    },
    {
      "name": "EVRC-B / EVRC-WB / EVRC-NW",
      "year": 2006,
      "body": "3GPP2",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Successor variants of EVRC: wideband and narrowband-wideband versions for CDMA voice."
    },
    {
      "name": "SMV",
      "year": 2001,
      "body": "3GPP2",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Selectable Mode Vocoder: a CDMA speech codec with limited deployment."
    },
    {
      "name": "VMR-WB",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": "3GPP2",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband: a wideband speech codec for CDMA, interoperable with AMR-WB."
    },
    {
      "name": "EVS",
      "year": 2014,
      "body": "3GPP",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Enhanced Voice Services (3GPP): the VoLTE speech and audio codec after AMR-WB, up to 20 kHz audio bandwidth; adoption varies by carrier."
    },
    {
      "name": "IVAS",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": "3GPP",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Immersive Voice and Audio Services (3GPP TS 26.250 series): the EVS-based conversational codec for immersive audio, from mono speech to scene-based audio.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.audio.ivas",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-tolerance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "CELP",
      "year": 1985,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Code-Excited Linear Prediction: the algorithmic family underlying most speech codecs deployed from 1990 to 2010."
    },
    {
      "name": "iLBC",
      "year": 2004,
      "body": "IETF",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Internet Low Bitrate Codec (RFC 3951): a speech codec designed for packet-loss-resilient internet telephony."
    },
    {
      "name": "iSAC",
      "year": 2003,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Internet Speech Audio Codec: a variable-bitrate, low-latency wideband speech codec for VoIP, used in early WebRTC; superseded by Opus."
    },
    {
      "name": "SILK",
      "year": 2009,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A wideband CELP-derived speech codec, released as open source in 2009 and folded into Opus."
    },
    {
      "name": "Codec2",
      "year": 2010,
      "body": "Codec 2",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An open-source ultra-low-bitrate speech codec for amateur radio and HF digital voice, down to 700 bit/s; used in FreeDV."
    },
    {
      "name": "AMBE",
      "year": 1993,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Advanced Multi-Band Excitation: a patented low-bitrate vocoder used in satellite telephony, P25 and DMR land-mobile radio, and D-STAR amateur radio."
    },
    {
      "name": "IMBE",
      "year": 1991,
      "body": "TIA",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Improved Multi-Band Excitation: the predecessor of AMBE, the vocoder of APCO Project 25 (TIA-102) Phase 1 radio."
    },
    {
      "name": "RPE-LTP",
      "year": 1988,
      "body": "ETSI",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Regular Pulse Excitation - Long Term Prediction. The algorithm inside GSM-FR."
    },
    {
      "name": "VSELP",
      "year": 1989,
      "body": "TIA",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "superseded",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction: the speech codec of IS-54 TDMA cellular and of GSM half rate."
    },
    {
      "name": "MELP",
      "year": 1996,
      "body": "MIL-STD-3005",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction. See MELPe entry above. Foundational for low-bitrate military speech."
    },
    {
      "name": "TwinVQ",
      "year": 1995,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "failed",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "Transform-domain Weighted Interleave Vector Quantization: an audio coding tool of MPEG-4 Audio, used briefly in synthesizers and broadcast trials."
    },
    {
      "name": "WaveNet (codec)",
      "year": 2018,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "WaveNet-based low-rate speech coding (2018): early evidence that a deep generative model could decode high-quality speech from very low bitrate parameters."
    },
    {
      "name": "VQ-VAE speech codec",
      "year": 2019,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Low bit-rate speech coding with a VQ-VAE and a WaveNet decoder (2019)."
    },
    {
      "name": "LPCNet",
      "year": 2019,
      "body": "LPCNet",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Neural speech synthesis combined with linear prediction (2019): real-time neural speech decoding on a CPU, released as open source."
    },
    {
      "name": "WaveRNN",
      "year": 2018,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A recurrent neural vocoder (2018), the architecture LPCNet and many later works build on."
    },
    {
      "name": "Neural packet-loss concealment (WaveNetEQ)",
      "year": 2020,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "WaveRNN-based packet-loss concealment deployed in a video-calling service: it generates plausible audio when packets are lost. An early production deployment of neural audio generation."
    },
    {
      "name": "MelGAN",
      "year": 2019,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A GAN-based mel-spectrogram vocoder (2019), often used as the decoder back end of neural audio pipelines."
    },
    {
      "name": "HiFi-GAN",
      "year": 2020,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A GAN-based vocoder for high-fidelity audio from mel-spectrograms (2020), widely used in TTS and neural audio research."
    },
    {
      "name": "SSMGAN",
      "year": 2021,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A GAN-based vocoder variant (2021)."
    },
    {
      "name": "Lyra",
      "year": 2021,
      "body": "Lyra",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A neural speech codec at 3 kbit/s, released as open source and deployed in video calling for low-bandwidth voice."
    },
    {
      "name": "Lyra v2",
      "year": 2022,
      "body": "Lyra",
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "niche",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A SoundStream-based redesign of Lyra at 3.2, 6 and 9.2 kbit/s, released as open source."
    },
    {
      "name": "SoundStream",
      "year": 2021,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "An end-to-end neural audio codec with residual vector quantization (2021), covering speech, music and general audio."
    },
    {
      "name": "EnCodec",
      "year": 2022,
      "body": "EnCodec",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "High-fidelity neural audio compression at 1.5 to 24 kbit/s (arXiv 2210.13438), released as open source; a common discrete audio tokenizer for generative audio models.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.neural.encodec32",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "neural-float"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "HiFi-Codec",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A neural audio codec at 2 kbit/s with group-residual vector quantization, a refinement of the RVQ formulation introduced by SoundStream."
    },
    {
      "name": "DAC",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "High-fidelity audio compression with improved RVQGAN (arXiv 2306.06546): a 44.1 kHz model at about 8 kbit/s, released as open source.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.neural.dac",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "neural-float"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "SNAC",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": "SNAC",
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "Multi-Scale Neural Audio Codec (arXiv 2410.14411): hierarchical token rates, with coarse tokens at a lower rate than fine ones; released as open source and used in several open TTS models.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.neural.snac",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "neural-float"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "SpeechTokenizer",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A speech codec whose first RVQ codebook is regularized toward phonetic units, separating content from acoustic detail."
    },
    {
      "name": "AudioDec",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A modular neural codec with separately trained encoder, quantizer and vocoder stages."
    },
    {
      "name": "FunCodec",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "industry",
      "desc": "A frequency-domain neural speech codec toolkit released as open source."
    },
    {
      "name": "TiCodec",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Hierarchical codec with separate timbre and content token streams. Useful for voice conversion and TTS."
    },
    {
      "name": "LMCodec",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A codec designed for downstream language modelling over its tokens."
    },
    {
      "name": "HILCodec",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "An adaptive streaming neural codec designed for real-time use under variable channel conditions."
    },
    {
      "name": "Mimi",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A low-frame-rate neural codec designed for audio language models: 24 kHz, 12.5 Hz frame rate, 8 codebooks of 2048 (1.1 kbit/s), with its first level distilled toward self-supervised speech features (arXiv 2410.00037). Released as open source.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.neural.mimi",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "neural-float"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "SemantiCodec",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "An ultra-low-bitrate semantic audio codec for general sound, reported down to about 0.3 kbit/s."
    },
    {
      "name": "DualCodec",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A two-stream codec separating semantic and acoustic information into different token streams, for audio language models."
    },
    {
      "name": "SD-Codec",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Source-Disentangled Codec: distinct codebooks per audio domain (speech, music, sound effects)."
    },
    {
      "name": "FlexiCodec",
      "year": 2025,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A variable-frame-rate neural codec reported at 0.6 to 1.2 kbit/s for speech."
    },
    {
      "name": "OmniCodec",
      "year": 2025,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "Unified low-frame-rate codec covering speech, music, and general audio in a single model."
    },
    {
      "name": "SpectroStream",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "STFT/MDCT-based delayed-fusion neural codec. Ultra-low-latency multi-channel codec for real-time use."
    },
    {
      "name": "WavTokenizer",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A single-codebook acoustic tokenizer for audio language models (arXiv 2408.16532): 24 kHz audio at 40 or 75 tokens per second.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.neural.wavtokenizer",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "neural-float"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "XYTokenizer",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "audio",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A low-frame-rate audio tokenizer codec."
    },
    {
      "name": "Spectrogram Patch Codec",
      "year": 2025,
      "body": null,
      "modality": "speech",
      "era": "neural",
      "status": "academic",
      "lineage": "academic",
      "desc": "A mel-spectrogram patch-based VQ-VAE with a HiFi-GAN decoder, at about 7.5 kbit/s for 16 kHz speech."
    },
    {
      "name": "Zstandard",
      "year": 2016,
      "body": "IETF",
      "modality": "text",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "A general-purpose lossless compressor with a range of speed and ratio settings, specified in RFC 8878. Used for file systems, packages, databases and network transfer.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.text.zstd",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-defined"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "XZ (LZMA2)",
      "year": 2009,
      "body": "XZ Utils",
      "modality": "text",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "The .xz container around LZMA2 compression, from the XZ Utils project. High ratio at slow encode; common for software archives.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.text.xz",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-defined"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "glTF 2.0 Binary (GLB)",
      "year": 2017,
      "body": "Khronos Group",
      "modality": "volumetric",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "The binary form of glTF 2.0 (ISO/IEC 12113): meshes, materials, textures and skeletal armatures in one self-contained file. Royalty-free.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.mesh.glb",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "Draco",
      "year": 2017,
      "body": "Draco",
      "modality": "volumetric",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An open-source (Apache-2.0) library for compressing mesh and point-cloud geometry; glTF carries it through the KHR_draco_mesh_compression extension.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.mesh.draco",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "G-PCC",
      "year": 2023,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "volumetric",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Geometry-based Point Cloud Compression, ISO/IEC 23090-9 (MPEG-I Part 9): octree and predictive coding of geometry with attribute coding, for sparse and LiDAR-style point clouds. Reference software TMC13.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.pc.gpcc",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "V-PCC",
      "year": 2021,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "volumetric",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Video-based Point Cloud Compression, ISO/IEC 23090-5 (V3C): projects a dynamic point cloud onto 2D patches coded with a video codec. Reference software TMC2.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.pc.vpcc",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "SPZ",
      "year": 2024,
      "body": "SPZ",
      "modality": "volumetric",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "opensource",
      "desc": "An open-source format for 3D Gaussian splats that stores quantised positions, scales, rotations, colours and opacities in a gzip-compressed stream.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.splat.spz",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "MPEG-I Haptics",
      "year": 2025,
      "body": "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (MPEG)",
      "modality": "haptic",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "emerging",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "ISO/IEC 23090-31: coded representation of vibrotactile and kinesthetic haptics, as human-readable HJIF (JSON) or a binary MIHS stream; ISO/IEC 23090-33 defines its conformance and reference software.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.haptic.mihs",
          "licence": "patent-pool",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "HDR10+ (SMPTE ST 2094-40)",
      "year": 2017,
      "body": "SMPTE",
      "modality": "metadata",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Dynamic HDR metadata for display adaptation, SMPTE ST 2094-40, carried in the video bitstream with each scene or frame. Royalty-free for content and devices; only a logo is licensed.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.meta.hdr10plus",
          "licence": "royalty-free",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "SMPTE ST 2094-10 dynamic metadata",
      "year": 2016,
      "body": "SMPTE",
      "modality": "metadata",
      "era": "classical",
      "status": "success",
      "lineage": "standards",
      "desc": "Dynamic HDR metadata for display adaptation, SMPTE ST 2094-10, carried as reference-processing-unit (RPU) data with the video. Proprietary licensing.",
      "wai": [
        {
          "capability": "wai.meta.dovi",
          "licence": "proprietary",
          "replicate": "standard-unclassified"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}