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A verdict now says whether its receipt seals a time (`'time': {'sealed': False}` for one
that seals none), and the notebook's stored output for `verify` is held to what a run
prints: the Python workflow's notebook check failed on it after 3fc116ef0.
Changelog: none
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.2 <[email protected]>
331 lines
16 KiB
Text
331 lines
16 KiB
Text
{
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"cells": [
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "bell-receipt-0",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"# A Bell pair and its receipt\n",
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"\n",
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"A receipt is an Ed25519 signature over the request and the result in their RFC 8785 canonical JSON. This page seals a Bell pair, writes it to a file, checks it, and shows what breaks it."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 1,
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"id": "bell-receipt-1",
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"metadata": {
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"execution": {
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"iopub.execute_input": "2026-11-11T12:23:53.957728Z",
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"iopub.status.busy": "2026-11-11T12:23:53.957650Z",
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"iopub.status.idle": "2026-11-11T12:23:53.962287Z",
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"shell.execute_reply": "2026-11-11T12:23:53.962075Z"
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}
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},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"import json\n",
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"import wai_quantum as wq"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 2,
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"id": "bell-receipt-2",
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"metadata": {
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"execution": {
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"iopub.execute_input": "2026-11-11T12:23:53.963230Z",
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"iopub.status.busy": "2026-11-11T12:23:53.963158Z",
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"iopub.status.idle": "2026-11-11T12:23:53.965590Z",
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"shell.execute_reply": "2026-11-11T12:23:53.965396Z"
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}
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},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"text/plain": [
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"Key(did:key:z6MkehRgf7yJbgaGfYsdoAsKdBPE3dj2CYhowQdcjqSJgvVd, in memory)"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 2,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"# A fixed key for this page, so that its receipts repeat byte for byte when it runs\n",
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"# again. Keep a key of your own: wq.Key.generate().save(\"my.key\"), then\n",
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"# wq.Key.from_file(\"my.key\"); with no key given, wq.run signs with this user's key,\n",
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"# the command line's.\n",
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"key = wq.Key(bytes(range(32)))\n",
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"key"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 3,
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"id": "bell-receipt-3",
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"metadata": {
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"execution": {
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"iopub.execute_input": "2026-11-11T12:23:53.966180Z",
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"iopub.status.busy": "2026-11-11T12:23:53.966120Z",
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"iopub.status.idle": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.007110Z",
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"shell.execute_reply": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.006461Z"
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}
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},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
|
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"model_id": "b4e78a73d73b41d8bc8f80167b7e417f",
|
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"version_major": 2,
|
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"version_minor": 1
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},
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"text/html": [
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"<div class=\"wq-result\" style=\"font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:1.45;border:1px solid var(--jp-border-color2,rgba(127,127,127,.35));border-radius:8px;padding:10px 12px;margin:2px 0;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto\"><div><b>stabilizer</b> · accuracy <b>exact</b></div><div style=\"opacity:.7\">Clifford circuit: the stabilizer tableau of 2 qubits</div><div style=\"margin-top:6px\">2000 shots, 2 distinct outcomes; the 2 most frequent:</div><svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" class=\"wq-histogram\" width=\"370\" height=\"40\" viewBox=\"0 0 370 40\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Counts of 2 outcomes\"><text x=\"34\" y=\"11\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"central\" fill=\"currentColor\" style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px\">00</text><rect x=\"40\" y=\"4\" width=\"260.0\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#7aa0ff\"><title>00: 1028 of 2000</title></rect><text x=\"306.0\" y=\"11\" dominant-baseline=\"central\" fill=\"currentColor\" style=\"font-size:11px\">1028</text><text x=\"34\" y=\"29\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"central\" fill=\"currentColor\" style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px\">11</text><rect x=\"40\" y=\"22\" width=\"245.8\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#7aa0ff\"><title>11: 972 of 2000</title></rect><text x=\"291.8\" y=\"29\" dominant-baseline=\"central\" fill=\"currentColor\" style=\"font-size:11px\">972</text></svg><table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;margin-top:6px\"><tr><th style=\"text-align:left;padding:1px 10px 1px 0;font-weight:600\">observable</th><th style=\"text-align:left;padding:1px 10px 1px 0;font-weight:600\">value</th><th style=\"text-align:left;padding:1px 10px 1px 0;font-weight:600\">error</th></tr><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 10px 1px 0;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px\">Z0 Z1</td><td style=\"padding:1px 10px 1px 0;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px\">1</td><td style=\"padding:1px 10px 1px 0;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px\"></td></tr><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 10px 1px 0;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px\">X0 X1</td><td style=\"padding:1px 10px 1px 0;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px\">1</td><td style=\"padding:1px 10px 1px 0;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px\"></td></tr></table><div style=\"margin-top:6px\">receipt <span class=\"wq-badge\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:0 7px;border-radius:9px;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;color:#fff;background:#10b981\">verified</span> signed by <span style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px\" title=\"did:key:z6MkehRgf7yJbgaGfYsdoAsKdBPE3dj2CYhowQdcjqSJgvVd\">did:key:z6Mkeh…howQdcjqSJgvVd</span></div></div>"
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],
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"text/plain": [
|
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"Result(stabilizer, accuracy exact, 2000 shots, 2 expectation values)"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 3,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"bell = \"OPENQASM 3.0; qubit[2] q; bit[2] c; h q[0]; cx q[0], q[1]; c = measure q;\"\n",
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"job = wq.run(bell, shots=2000, seed=1, observables=[\"Z0 Z1\", \"X0 X1\"], key=key)\n",
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"wq.Result(job)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 4,
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"id": "bell-receipt-4",
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"metadata": {
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"execution": {
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"iopub.execute_input": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.008082Z",
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"iopub.status.busy": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.007993Z",
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"iopub.status.idle": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.011349Z",
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"shell.execute_reply": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.011037Z"
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}
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},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
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"model_id": "7b085602350c47188c2e7df0b5fbc222",
|
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"version_major": 2,
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"version_minor": 1
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},
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"text/html": [
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"<div class=\"wq-receipt\" style=\"font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:1.45;border:1px solid var(--jp-border-color2,rgba(127,127,127,.35));border-radius:8px;padding:10px 12px;margin:2px 0;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto\"><div>receipt <span class=\"wq-badge\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:0 7px;border-radius:9px;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;color:#fff;background:#10b981\">verified</span> <span style=\"opacity:.7\">checked here, binding the request and the result as given</span></div><table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;margin-top:6px\"><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 12px 1px 0;opacity:.7\">signer</td><td style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px;word-break:break-all\"><span title=\"did:key:z6MkehRgf7yJbgaGfYsdoAsKdBPE3dj2CYhowQdcjqSJgvVd\">did:key:z6MkehRgf7yJbgaGfYsdoAsKdBPE3dj2CYhowQdcjqSJgvVd</span></td></tr><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 12px 1px 0;opacity:.7\">key</td><td style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px;word-break:break-all\">03a107bff3ce10be1d70dd18e74bc09967e4d6309ba50d5f1ddc8664125531b8</td></tr><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 12px 1px 0;opacity:.7\">digest</td><td style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px;word-break:break-all\">a80f7e659df721f1136cfb3aaa63b983a4c976c5421ae76671c8bebdb6c6353d</td></tr><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 12px 1px 0;opacity:.7\">signature</td><td style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px;word-break:break-all\">6b1619335dcdaa9f…98e57c8fe1e95c00</td></tr><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 12px 1px 0;opacity:.7\">form</td><td style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px;word-break:break-all\">ed25519 over rfc8785 canonical JSON</td></tr></table></div>"
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],
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"text/plain": [
|
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"Receipt(valid, signed by did:key:z6MkehRgf7yJbgaGfYsdoAsKdBPE3dj2CYhowQdcjqSJgvVd)"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 4,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"wq.Receipt(job)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "bell-receipt-5",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## What is signed\n",
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"\n",
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"The digest is BLAKE3 over a domain tag and the canonical text of the request and of the result without its receipt. Any JSON reader and writer can carry the job: the canonical text, and so the digest, stays the same."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 5,
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"id": "bell-receipt-6",
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"metadata": {
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"execution": {
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"iopub.execute_input": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.012323Z",
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"iopub.status.busy": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.012253Z",
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"iopub.status.idle": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.014046Z",
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"shell.execute_reply": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.013789Z"
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}
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},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"{\"observables\":[\"Z0 Z1\",\"X0 X1\"],\"qasm\":\"OPENQASM 3.0; qubit[2] q; bit[2] c; h q[0]; cx q[0], q[1]; c = measure q;\",\"seed\":1,\"shots\":2000}\n",
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"True\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"result = {k: v for k, v in job.result.items() if k != \"receipt\"}\n",
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"print(wq.canonical(job.request).decode())\n",
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"print(wq.digest(job.request, result) == job.receipt[\"digest\"])"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 6,
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"id": "bell-receipt-7",
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"metadata": {
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"execution": {
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"iopub.execute_input": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.014891Z",
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"iopub.status.busy": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.014819Z",
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"iopub.status.idle": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.016655Z",
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"shell.execute_reply": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.016408Z"
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}
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},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"{'valid': True, 'reasons': [], 'key': '03a107bff3ce10be1d70dd18e74bc09967e4d6309ba50d5f1ddc8664125531b8', 'form': 'rfc8785', 'time': {'sealed': False}, 'signer': 'did:key:z6MkehRgf7yJbgaGfYsdoAsKdBPE3dj2CYhowQdcjqSJgvVd'}\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"with open(\"bell-job.json\", \"w\") as f:\n",
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" json.dump(job, f)\n",
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"print(wq.verify(\"bell-job.json\"))"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "bell-receipt-8",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"The command line checks the same file the same way: `wai-quantum verify bell-job.json`."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "bell-receipt-9",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## What breaks it"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 7,
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"id": "bell-receipt-10",
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"metadata": {
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"execution": {
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"iopub.execute_input": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.017376Z",
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"iopub.status.busy": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.017293Z",
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"iopub.status.idle": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.019999Z",
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"shell.execute_reply": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.019691Z"
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}
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},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"one more count valid: False\n",
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"another seed valid: False\n",
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"another method named valid: False\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"for what, change in [\n",
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" (\"one more count\", lambda j: j[\"result\"][\"counts\"].__setitem__(\"00\", j[\"result\"][\"counts\"][\"00\"] + 1)),\n",
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" (\"another seed\", lambda j: j[\"request\"].__setitem__(\"seed\", 2)),\n",
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" (\"another method named\", lambda j: j[\"result\"].__setitem__(\"method\", \"statevector\")),\n",
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"]:\n",
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" forged = json.loads(json.dumps(job))\n",
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" change(forged)\n",
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" print(f\"{what:<22} valid: {wq.verify(forged).valid}\")"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 8,
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"id": "bell-receipt-11",
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"metadata": {
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"execution": {
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"iopub.execute_input": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.020774Z",
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"iopub.status.busy": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.020706Z",
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"iopub.status.idle": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.023398Z",
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"shell.execute_reply": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.023066Z"
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}
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},
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"outputs": [
|
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{
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"data": {
|
|
"application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
|
|
"model_id": "394648b8d10e43a68e7c24031afd8eb0",
|
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"version_major": 2,
|
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"version_minor": 1
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},
|
|
"text/html": [
|
|
"<div class=\"wq-receipt\" style=\"font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:1.45;border:1px solid var(--jp-border-color2,rgba(127,127,127,.35));border-radius:8px;padding:10px 12px;margin:2px 0;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto\"><div>receipt <span class=\"wq-badge\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:0 7px;border-radius:9px;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;color:#fff;background:#ef4444\">INVALID</span> <span style=\"opacity:.7\">checked here, binding the request and the result as given</span></div><table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;margin-top:6px\"><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 12px 1px 0;opacity:.7\">signer</td><td style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px;word-break:break-all\"><span title=\"did:key:z6MkehRgf7yJbgaGfYsdoAsKdBPE3dj2CYhowQdcjqSJgvVd\">did:key:z6MkehRgf7yJbgaGfYsdoAsKdBPE3dj2CYhowQdcjqSJgvVd</span></td></tr><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 12px 1px 0;opacity:.7\">key</td><td style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px;word-break:break-all\">03a107bff3ce10be1d70dd18e74bc09967e4d6309ba50d5f1ddc8664125531b8</td></tr><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 12px 1px 0;opacity:.7\">digest</td><td style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px;word-break:break-all\">a80f7e659df721f1136cfb3aaa63b983a4c976c5421ae76671c8bebdb6c6353d</td></tr><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 12px 1px 0;opacity:.7\">signature</td><td style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px;word-break:break-all\">6b1619335dcdaa9f…98e57c8fe1e95c00</td></tr><tr><td style=\"padding:1px 12px 1px 0;opacity:.7\">form</td><td style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12px;word-break:break-all\">ed25519 over rfc8785 canonical JSON</td></tr></table></div>"
|
|
],
|
|
"text/plain": [
|
|
"Receipt(INVALID, signed by did:key:z6MkehRgf7yJbgaGfYsdoAsKdBPE3dj2CYhowQdcjqSJgvVd)"
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
"execution_count": 8,
|
|
"metadata": {},
|
|
"output_type": "execute_result"
|
|
}
|
|
],
|
|
"source": [
|
|
"forged = json.loads(json.dumps(job))\n",
|
|
"forged[\"result\"][\"counts\"][\"00\"] += 1\n",
|
|
"wq.Receipt(forged)"
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"cell_type": "code",
|
|
"execution_count": 9,
|
|
"id": "bell-receipt-12",
|
|
"metadata": {
|
|
"execution": {
|
|
"iopub.execute_input": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.024007Z",
|
|
"iopub.status.busy": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.023935Z",
|
|
"iopub.status.idle": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.025198Z",
|
|
"shell.execute_reply": "2026-11-11T12:23:54.024999Z"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"outputs": [],
|
|
"source": [
|
|
"import os\n",
|
|
"os.remove(\"bell-job.json\")"
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
],
|
|
"metadata": {
|
|
"kernelspec": {
|
|
"display_name": "Python 3",
|
|
"language": "python",
|
|
"name": "python3"
|
|
},
|
|
"language_info": {
|
|
"codemirror_mode": {
|
|
"name": "ipython",
|
|
"version": 3
|
|
},
|
|
"file_extension": ".py",
|
|
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
|
|
"name": "python",
|
|
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
|
|
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
|
|
"version": "3.12.15"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"nbformat": 4,
|
|
"nbformat_minor": 5
|
|
}
|