wai-quantum-service: the quantum stack as a public job service; wai-quantum 0.6.3: the wide tableau, any-angle MPS, tiled state vectors, branching trajectories, threaded sparse Pauli #297

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This PR adds wai-quantum-service, an HTTP job service over the WAI quantum stack. Anyone can send an OpenQASM program, with no account and no key. Each result says which method produced it, how accurate it is, and carries an Ed25519 signature that anyone can check.

Live at https://wai.transaction.science/quantum-jobs/v1, deployed from this branch. The smoke checks pass against the public URL.

It also releases wai-quantum 0.6.3, which adds quantum_tableau: wide stabilizer simulation on up to 32768 qubits.

• Packing: the Aaronson–Gottesman tableau is packed qubit by qubit, with 32-bit indices.
• Sampling: the computational-basis outcomes are computed once, as the affine subspace they are uniform over (elimination with signs tracked). Each shot is then a random combination of that subspace's basis.
• Expectations: exact ±1/0 values of Pauli strings, from the destabilizers.
• Timings for a random Clifford circuit of 100k gates on 10,000 qubits: the gates take 49 ms, the outcome subspace 353 ms, and 1000 full-width shots 154 ms.
• Correctness: on 40 random circuits, the outcome set, its uniform probabilities and 800 expectation values match the dense state vector.

The service's stabilizer method runs on it, so it now takes up to 32768 qubits and answers expectations as well as counts. Over the public URL, a 2000-qubit GHZ state with a phase flip gives ⟨X^⊗2000⟩ = −1 in 260 ms.

It also adds quantum_mpsim: matrix product states for circuits with any angles, on up to 4096 qubits.

• Method: the chain is kept in mixed-canonical form, with the center moved by QR. Each two-qubit gate is a two-site update M. It keeps the leading eigenvectors U of M·M† and makes U†·M the new center, so no singular value is divided by. The update is truncated to the bond limit and a cutoff. Gates on distant qubits are routed by swaps. The eigensolver (Householder, then QL with implicit shifts) is new in linalg and deterministic.
• Reporting: every truncation is reported, with the bonds used, the summed discarded weight and the fidelity estimate.
• Correctness: with nothing truncated, every amplitude and expectation matches the dense state vector to 1e-10. Under truncation, the estimate tracks the true fidelity.
• Speed, on the same machine against the crate's Jacobi split: 500 qubits at depth 10 in 0.75 s against 3.1 s; depth 20 at bond 64 in 8.1 s against 35.9 s. The fidelity estimates are the same under both splits.

In the service, mps sits after the exact methods in auto, at bond dimension up to 256 within a work estimate. A truncated result is labelled heuristic, carries its fidelity estimate, and gets a warning below 0.9. Over the public URL, a 300-qubit continuous-angle circuit was sampled in 7 ms.

Speed work, folded in

The ranked next items from the research are folded into this release, so one CI run covers everything.

• Tiled state-vector passes (quantum_sv). run groups consecutive gates into passes. Each tile, the amplitudes that agree outside the pass's local bits, is copied into a cache-sized buffer; every gate is applied there, and the tile is copied back.
  • Diagonal gates join any pass.
  • Gate order and each amplitude's arithmetic are unchanged, so the schedule never changes a bit. A test compares tiled and untiled bit for bit, and the bit-identity pin is unchanged.
  • Gates of three or more qubits on the top qubits no longer fall onto one thread.
  • At 26 qubits on a 16-core desktop processor:
    • brickwork depth 20: 5.2 → 2.3 s;
    • QFT: 2.9 → 1.6 s;
    • QAOA: 2.9 → 0.95 s.
• Branching trajectories (quantum_noisy::branching_trajectories). Every shot is an independent noisy trajectory in law, but shots that took the same errors share one state.
  • Splits are binomial, drawn by geometric gaps; damping uses the group's own jump probability.
  • Estimates and counts depend on neither the thread count nor the memory limit.
  • It matches the exact density matrix.
  • Against independent trajectories (18 qubits, 300 shots): 28× faster at two-qubit error 10⁻³, 5.6× at 5·10⁻³, 1.9× at 2·10⁻² with damping.
• The sparse-Pauli engine on a worker pool (quantum_spd). Workers start once per run. Consecutive Clifford gates go in one pass. A rotation's new terms have distinct strings, so each coefficient receives at most one addition.
  • The result is bit-identical at any thread count: tested at 1, 2, 3 and 8 threads, and the signed receipts reproduce.
  • The 127-qubit kicked-Ising run at threshold 10⁻⁴ takes 9.4 s, against 49 s on one thread.
• The service uses all four:
  • trajectories runs every shot as a branching trajectory and reports histories;
  • pauli returns a threshold ladder (the value and bound a decade at a time), so convergence is visible and signed;
  • mps goes to bond 256.

What's in it

• OpenQASM front end (src/qasm.rs). It reads OpenQASM 3 and the OpenQASM 2 forms in common use: registers with broadcast, user gate definitions inlined with their parameters, angle expressions, and every terminal-measurement form. Mid-circuit measurement, classical control and gate modifiers are refused, with the line they're on.

  • Each circuit is lowered three ways, each exact up to a global phase: matrix gates, Pauli rotations, and the dyadic gate set.
  • The tests check each lowering against the others on every gate.
  • This was needed because the library's only importer accepts dyadic angles alone, so rz(0.3) was refused.

• Seven methods plus auto (src/catalog.rs, src/run.rs):

  Method	Accuracy	Limit
  exact	bit-exact	26 qubits
  statevector	exact	32 qubits within a job's memory
  stabilizer	exact, counts and expectation values	32768 qubits
  pauli	bounded, each value with its truncation bound	1024 qubits
  mps	exact if nothing was truncated, otherwise heuristic with a fidelity estimate	4096 qubits
  tensor_network	exact amplitudes, with the contraction cost	—
  density_matrix	exact noise	12 qubits
  trajectories	estimate with standard errors	—

  auto picks the first method that can take the job, and explains why it rejected the others.

• Running safely on a shared host (src/jobs.rs):

  • Every job is planned before it is queued, and one over the per-job memory cap is refused immediately.
  • Running jobs share a total memory budget. A large job waits until the host's free memory covers it plus a reserve.
  • Each job runs in its own child process at lower priority, is watched for memory and time, and is stopped if it exceeds either.
  • Each client has limits on active jobs and submissions, and the queue is bounded.

• Receipts (src/receipt.rs): a BLAKE3 digest over the request and the result, signed with Ed25519. POST /v1/verify checks one.

Measured

• Tests: the service's 29 pass on Linux (the AMD box) and macOS (the build host), with clippy clean under -D warnings. All 632 library tests pass with every feature, and the wasm32 build succeeds.
• smoke.sh, run against local instances and the public URL. All of these held:
  • a 40-qubit GHZ state via the stabilizer method, with only the two all-equal outcomes;
  • a receipt that verifies, and a changed result that fails;
  • expectation values for a 100-qubit circuit via sparse Pauli dynamics, each within its bound and with its ladder;
  • 2000 noisy shots of a 14-qubit circuit by branching trajectories (88 histories);
  • a refusal that gives its reason.
• Limits and isolation:
  • A client's fourth active job got 429.
  • An oversized job was refused at admission.
  • A job that outgrew its 1 GiB allowance was stopped at 1.4 GiB, and the job reported why.

Deployment

The service runs on the build host under launchd (science.transaction.wai-quantum-service), from ~/wai-quantum-service/bin, with its key at ~/.config/wai-quantum-service/signing.key.

• Network path: it listens on the host's localhost:8241, and tailscale serve --tcp 8241 publishes that on the tailnet. This avoids opening the host's firewall to an unsigned binary.
• Prod's Caddy routes /quantum-jobs/* to it. The commit is in site-ops, not pushed.
• Resource limits: 96 GB in total, 72 GB per job, 4 jobs at once, and 15% of the host's memory kept free.
• Client addresses: Cloudflare's client address is forwarded as X-Forwarded-For, so per-client limits apply to real clients.

Next

• a noisy frame sampler on the wide tableau;
• reduced-precision state vectors, for 34–36 qubits;
• an Apple GPU state-vector path;
• in-cache kernel efficiency: the tiled passes are now compute-bound on wide cores.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

This PR adds `wai-quantum-service`, an HTTP job service over the WAI quantum stack. Anyone can send an OpenQASM program, with no account and no key. Each result says which method produced it, how accurate it is, and carries an Ed25519 signature that anyone can check. **Live at https://wai.transaction.science/quantum-jobs/v1**, deployed from this branch. The smoke checks pass against the public URL. It also releases **wai-quantum 0.6.3**, which adds **`quantum_tableau`**: wide stabilizer simulation on up to 32768 qubits. - **Packing:** the Aaronson–Gottesman tableau is packed qubit by qubit, with 32-bit indices. - **Sampling:** the computational-basis outcomes are computed once, as the affine subspace they are uniform over (elimination with signs tracked). Each shot is then a random combination of that subspace's basis. - **Expectations:** exact ±1/0 values of Pauli strings, from the destabilizers. - **Timings** for a random Clifford circuit of 100k gates on 10,000 qubits: the gates take 49 ms, the outcome subspace 353 ms, and 1000 full-width shots 154 ms. - **Correctness:** on 40 random circuits, the outcome set, its uniform probabilities and 800 expectation values match the dense state vector. The service's `stabilizer` method runs on it, so it now takes up to 32768 qubits and answers expectations as well as counts. Over the public URL, a 2000-qubit GHZ state with a phase flip gives ⟨X^⊗2000⟩ = −1 in 260 ms. It also adds **`quantum_mpsim`**: matrix product states for circuits with any angles, on up to 4096 qubits. - **Method:** the chain is kept in mixed-canonical form, with the center moved by QR. Each two-qubit gate is a two-site update `M`. It keeps the leading eigenvectors `U` of `M·M†` and makes `U†·M` the new center, so no singular value is divided by. The update is truncated to the bond limit and a cutoff. Gates on distant qubits are routed by swaps. The eigensolver (Householder, then QL with implicit shifts) is new in `linalg` and deterministic. - **Reporting:** every truncation is reported, with the bonds used, the summed discarded weight and the fidelity estimate. - **Correctness:** with nothing truncated, every amplitude and expectation matches the dense state vector to 1e-10. Under truncation, the estimate tracks the true fidelity. - **Speed,** on the same machine against the crate's Jacobi split: 500 qubits at depth 10 in 0.75 s against 3.1 s; depth 20 at bond 64 in 8.1 s against 35.9 s. The fidelity estimates are the same under both splits. In the service, `mps` sits after the exact methods in `auto`, at bond dimension up to 256 within a work estimate. A truncated result is labelled heuristic, carries its fidelity estimate, and gets a warning below 0.9. Over the public URL, a 300-qubit continuous-angle circuit was sampled in 7 ms. ## Speed work, folded in The ranked next items from the research are folded into this release, so one CI run covers everything. - **Tiled state-vector passes** (`quantum_sv`). `run` groups consecutive gates into passes. Each tile, the amplitudes that agree outside the pass's local bits, is copied into a cache-sized buffer; every gate is applied there, and the tile is copied back. - Diagonal gates join any pass. - Gate order and each amplitude's arithmetic are unchanged, so the schedule never changes a bit. A test compares tiled and untiled bit for bit, and the bit-identity pin is unchanged. - Gates of three or more qubits on the top qubits no longer fall onto one thread. - At 26 qubits on a 16-core desktop processor: - brickwork depth 20: 5.2 → 2.3 s; - QFT: 2.9 → 1.6 s; - QAOA: 2.9 → 0.95 s. - **Branching trajectories** (`quantum_noisy::branching_trajectories`). Every shot is an independent noisy trajectory in law, but shots that took the same errors share one state. - Splits are binomial, drawn by geometric gaps; damping uses the group's own jump probability. - Estimates and counts depend on neither the thread count nor the memory limit. - It matches the exact density matrix. - Against independent trajectories (18 qubits, 300 shots): 28× faster at two-qubit error 10⁻³, 5.6× at 5·10⁻³, 1.9× at 2·10⁻² with damping. - **The sparse-Pauli engine on a worker pool** (`quantum_spd`). Workers start once per run. Consecutive Clifford gates go in one pass. A rotation's new terms have distinct strings, so each coefficient receives at most one addition. - The result is bit-identical at any thread count: tested at 1, 2, 3 and 8 threads, and the signed receipts reproduce. - The 127-qubit kicked-Ising run at threshold 10⁻⁴ takes 9.4 s, against 49 s on one thread. - **The service uses all four:** - `trajectories` runs every shot as a branching trajectory and reports `histories`; - `pauli` returns a threshold `ladder` (the value and bound a decade at a time), so convergence is visible and signed; - `mps` goes to bond 256. ## What's in it - **OpenQASM front end** (`src/qasm.rs`). It reads OpenQASM 3 and the OpenQASM 2 forms in common use: registers with broadcast, user `gate` definitions inlined with their parameters, angle expressions, and every terminal-measurement form. Mid-circuit measurement, classical control and gate modifiers are refused, with the line they're on. - Each circuit is lowered three ways, each exact up to a global phase: matrix gates, Pauli rotations, and the dyadic gate set. - The tests check each lowering against the others on every gate. - This was needed because the library's only importer accepts dyadic angles alone, so `rz(0.3)` was refused. - **Seven methods plus `auto`** (`src/catalog.rs`, `src/run.rs`): | Method | Accuracy | Limit | |---|---|---| | `exact` | bit-exact | 26 qubits | | `statevector` | exact | 32 qubits within a job's memory | | `stabilizer` | exact, counts and expectation values | 32768 qubits | | `pauli` | bounded, each value with its truncation bound | 1024 qubits | | `mps` | exact if nothing was truncated, otherwise heuristic with a fidelity estimate | 4096 qubits | | `tensor_network` | exact amplitudes, with the contraction cost | — | | `density_matrix` | exact noise | 12 qubits | | `trajectories` | estimate with standard errors | — | `auto` picks the first method that can take the job, and explains why it rejected the others. - **Running safely on a shared host** (`src/jobs.rs`): - Every job is planned before it is queued, and one over the per-job memory cap is refused immediately. - Running jobs share a total memory budget. A large job waits until the host's free memory covers it plus a reserve. - Each job runs in its own child process at lower priority, is watched for memory and time, and is stopped if it exceeds either. - Each client has limits on active jobs and submissions, and the queue is bounded. - **Receipts** (`src/receipt.rs`): a BLAKE3 digest over the request and the result, signed with Ed25519. `POST /v1/verify` checks one. ## Measured - **Tests:** the service's 29 pass on Linux (the AMD box) and macOS (the build host), with clippy clean under `-D warnings`. All 632 library tests pass with every feature, and the wasm32 build succeeds. - **`smoke.sh`,** run against local instances and the public URL. All of these held: - a 40-qubit GHZ state via the stabilizer method, with only the two all-equal outcomes; - a receipt that verifies, and a changed result that fails; - expectation values for a 100-qubit circuit via sparse Pauli dynamics, each within its bound and with its ladder; - 2000 noisy shots of a 14-qubit circuit by branching trajectories (88 histories); - a refusal that gives its reason. - **Limits and isolation:** - A client's fourth active job got 429. - An oversized job was refused at admission. - A job that outgrew its 1 GiB allowance was stopped at 1.4 GiB, and the job reported why. ## Deployment The service runs on the build host under launchd (`science.transaction.wai-quantum-service`), from `~/wai-quantum-service/bin`, with its key at `~/.config/wai-quantum-service/signing.key`. - **Network path:** it listens on the host's localhost:8241, and `tailscale serve --tcp 8241` publishes that on the tailnet. This avoids opening the host's firewall to an unsigned binary. - **Prod's Caddy** routes `/quantum-jobs/*` to it. The commit is in site-ops, not pushed. - **Resource limits:** 96 GB in total, 72 GB per job, 4 jobs at once, and 15% of the host's memory kept free. - **Client addresses:** Cloudflare's client address is forwarded as `X-Forwarded-For`, so per-client limits apply to real clients. ## Next - a noisy frame sampler on the wide tableau; - reduced-precision state vectors, for 34–36 qubits; - an Apple GPU state-vector path; - in-cache kernel efficiency: the tiled passes are now compute-bound on wide cores. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

dcharlot added 4 commits 2026-10-17 09:51:51 -04:00

wai-quantum-service: a public job service over the WAI quantum stack (work in progress) ... e08592b8dc

An OpenQASM 3 front end (registers, broadcast, user gates, angle
expressions, every terminal measurement form) lowered three ways: matrix
gates, Pauli rotations, and the dyadic gate set, each held to the others
by tests. A planner that picks the strongest method a circuit admits
(exact, statevector, stabilizer, pauli, tensor_network, density_matrix,
trajectories), with stated accuracy classes. Jobs run in child processes
inside a memory budget at low priority; per-client limits and a bounded
queue; results sealed with an Ed25519 key. 23 tests pass on Linux.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

wai-quantum-service: smoke checks over HTTP, and CI on linux and macos ... 6a3b6bf369

smoke.sh holds a running instance to its promises (methods, a 40-qubit GHZ
by the stabilizer, receipts that verify and a changed result that does
not, rotations by the state vector, a 100-qubit circuit's expectations by
sparse Pauli dynamics with bounds, a refusal with its reason). CI runs the
tests, clippy -D warnings and the smoke checks against a local instance.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

wai-quantum-service: a big job waits until the host's free memory covers it and the reserve ... 6495875088

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

wai-quantum-service: README and CHANGELOG; live at wai.transaction.science/quantum-jobs/v1 ... 49a7714de0

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

dcharlot added 1 commit 2026-10-17 10:05:19 -04:00

wai-quantum 0.6.3: the wide stabilizer tableau; the service's stabilizer method on it ... 60adc03d22

quantum_tableau (new, in full): Clifford circuits on up to 32768 qubits,
the Aaronson-Gottesman tableau packed qubit by qubit with u32 indices.
Tableau::support gives the affine subspace the computational-basis
outcomes are uniform over (Gaussian elimination with signs tracked); a
Sampler draws each shot as a random combination of its basis on the
measured qubits. Tableau::expectation gives the exact +-1/0 of a Pauli
string from the destabilizers. At 10,000 qubits: 100k gates in 49 ms,
the subspace in 353 ms, 1000 full-width shots in 154 ms. Against the
dense state vector on 40 random circuits: the outcome set, its uniform
probabilities and 800 expectation values agree.

The service lowers Clifford circuits to it (quarter-turn rotations,
half-turn controlled phases), answers counts and expectations up to
32768 qubits, and caps a counts map's size. Live: a 2000-qubit GHZ with
a phase flip reads <X^2000> = -1 in 260 ms. 25 service tests.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

dcharlot changed title from wai-quantum-service 0.1.0: the quantum stack as a public job service to wai-quantum 0.6.3 (wide stabilizer tableau) and wai-quantum-service 0.1.0: the quantum stack as a public job service 2026-10-17 10:05:38 -04:00

dcharlot added 1 commit 2026-10-17 10:36:27 -04:00

wai-quantum 0.6.3: matrix product states at any angle; the service's mps method ... 123c057967

quantum_mpsim (new, in full): a chain in mixed-canonical form, the center
moved by QR; each two-qubit gate a two-site update split by the crate's
deterministic Jacobi SVD and truncated to max_bond and a cutoff; distant
gates routed by swaps. Every truncation is reported (bonds, summed
discarded weight, fidelity estimate). Amplitudes, Pauli expectations by
transfer matrices, shots by sequential conditional sampling. Untruncated
it agrees with the dense state vector to 1e-10; the estimate tracks the
true fidelity under truncation. Brickwork depth 10: 100 qubits in 0.46 s,
500 in 2.4 s.

The service lowers three-qubit gates to one- and two-qubit ones for it,
adds mps (4096 qubits, bond up to 128 under a work estimate) to auto
after the exact methods, and labels its results exact or heuristic with
the fidelity estimate, warning below 0.9. Live: 300 qubits in 7 ms.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

dcharlot changed title from wai-quantum 0.6.3 (wide stabilizer tableau) and wai-quantum-service 0.1.0: the quantum stack as a public job service to wai-quantum 0.6.3 (wide stabilizer tableau, any-angle MPS) and wai-quantum-service 0.1.0: the quantum stack as a public job service 2026-10-17 10:37:01 -04:00

dcharlot added 1 commit 2026-10-17 16:03:40 -04:00

Merge main into wai/quantum-service ... a08c7aabf2

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

dcharlot added 6 commits 2026-10-17 16:13:58 -04:00

wai-quantum: tiled multi-gate state-vector passes; vectorised wide-gate kernel ... eb8df6cf59

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

wai-quantum: branching noisy trajectories (shots that share a history share a state) ... c5ebbeb622

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

wai-quantum: the sparse-Pauli engine on a worker pool, bit-identical at any thread count ... 4f945fc90d

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

wai-quantum: MPS two-site split by the Gram eigenvectors (Householder + QL), no division by singular values ... 9b8c70f6ef

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

wai-quantum-service: branching trajectories, the Pauli ladder, bond 256; state-vector kernels on one thread inside parallel trajectories; 0.6.4 notes ... 1da6614e09

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

Merge the state-vector, trajectory, sparse-Pauli and MPS speed work into wai-quantum 0.6.3 ... 8d7b638bd3

Folds wai/quantum-sim-speed into this release, so one CI run covers both:
tiled state-vector passes, branching noisy trajectories, the sparse-Pauli
engine on a worker pool, and the MPS split by Gram eigenvectors, with the
service using all four. 0.6.3 is unpublished, so its CHANGELOG entry now
describes the whole release.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

dcharlot changed title from wai-quantum 0.6.3 (wide stabilizer tableau, any-angle MPS) and wai-quantum-service 0.1.0: the quantum stack as a public job service to wai-quantum-service: the quantum stack as a public job service; wai-quantum 0.6.3: the wide tableau, any-angle MPS, tiled state vectors, branching trajectories, threaded sparse Pauli 2026-10-17 16:14:36 -04:00

dcharlot added 1 commit 2026-10-17 16:53:23 -04:00

Merge main into wai/quantum-service; the tensor-engine fix joins the 0.6.3 notes ... 8d73990691

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

dcharlot added 1 commit 2026-10-18 00:39:35 -04:00

wai-quantum: a word-sized counter for branching trajectories' trees (no 64-bit atomics on some targets) ... 7a1fc8d2c0

The emulated signal-processor leg (a 32-bit target) failed to build:
AtomicU64 does not exist there. Checked: cargo check for a 32-bit target
without 64-bit atomics passes with the fix and fails without it.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

dcharlot added 1 commit 2026-10-18 07:19:20 -04:00

Merge main into wai/quantum-service: both CHANGELOG entries kept ... ac8fd493c3

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

dcharlot added 1 commit 2026-10-18 10:19:29 -04:00

Merge main into wai/quantum-service again: every CHANGELOG entry kept ... 78623b98f6

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>

dcharlot merged commit 6de863b304 into main 2026-10-18 10:19:55 -04:00

dcharlot referenced this pull request from a commit 2026-10-18 10:19:56 -04:00

Merge pull request 'wai-quantum-service: the quantum stack as a public job service; wai-quantum 0.6.3: the wide tableau, any-angle MPS, tiled state vectors, branching trajectories, threaded sparse Pauli' (#297) from wai/quantum-service into main

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