open-standards/wai/extensions/scene-carriage.md

# WAI Extension: Scene Carriage

> Status: Draft. Maps WAI's scene content — a world (`WWLD`,
> [interactive-worlds](interactive-worlds.md)), an audio scene (`WSCN`,
> [spatial-audio](spatial-audio.md)), the assets a world names, and timed media — onto two
> scene-description formats, in both directions: ISO/IEC 23090-14 scene description, a set of
> glTF 2.0 extensions (§4, §5), and a USD layer in the text format of the USD Core
> Specification (§6, §7). A document WAI writes carries the WAI bytes exactly, beside the
> presentation a player of that format reads; reading it back gives the same bytes, and is
> refused unless writing them again gives the document. A document WAI did not write becomes
> new WAI bytes under stated rules, and is refused wherever a value would not carry exactly.
> No new capability and no transport. Reference implementation: the `scene_map` module of
> `wai-rs` (feature `scene_map`); corpus [`live-conformance/scene/`](../live-conformance/scene/),
> second implementation `live-conformance/scene_verify.py`.
> Keywords **MUST**, **MUST NOT**, **SHOULD**, **MAY** are RFC 2119/8174.
>
> Texts read for this revision: glTF 2.0 as ISO/IEC 12113:2022; the descriptions and JSON
> schemas of the extensions of ISO/IEC 23090-14 that the glTF extension registry publishes
> (`MPEG_media`, `MPEG_buffer_circular`, `MPEG_accessor_timed`, `MPEG_audio_spatial`,
> `MPEG_texture_video`, `MPEG_animation_timing`, `MPEG_scene_dynamic`, `MPEG_mesh_linking`,
> `MPEG_viewport_recommended`; each states that it is based on ISO/IEC FDIS 23090-14, and
> the registry marks their licence as not yet determined, so none is copied here); and the USD
> Core Specification v1.0.1 (b7bc21a, 2025-12-12), published under CC-BY-ND-4.0. ISO/IEC
> 23090-14's own text, including its Annex D (the attenuation functions) and the timed
> accessor information header of its clause 5, was not read.

## 1. Scope

In scope: the bundle a mapping reads and writes (§2); the numbers that cross it (§3); the
document each direction writes or reads, for glTF (§4, §5) and for USD (§6, §7); the
refusals (§8); the corpus (§9).

Out of scope:

- **Presenting a world after tick 0.** A world's op log changes its nodes through the sim
  that owns them; a scene description has no sim. A document presents the world's tick-0
  graph and carries its op log and seal in the WAI bytes, so a WAI sink replays it.
  `MPEG_scene_dynamic` carries scene updates as JSON patches over a scene; an op is a sim
  mutation, not a patch, so this mapping does not write one.
- **Mesh geometry in glTF.** A world names its assets by content hash and never embeds
  them (interactive-worlds §4.1); glTF 2.0 and the extensions read give a scene no reference
  to a separate glTF asset. So a `wai.mesh.glb` asset, like every asset of a world's table,
  travels in the glTF document by its hash, in the carried bytes, and a glTF player does not
  present it; a USD layer references it (§6.2), which USD composes where a reader for the
  asset exists. Gaussian splats in glTF are `KHR_gaussian_splatting` with
  `EXT_gaussian_splatting_compression_wai` (the exact-splat extension); this mapping does not
  carry them.
- **Rendering.** The presentation is what each format says a player reads; how a player
  renders it, and how a WAI sink renders the carried bytes, is the renderer's.

## 2. The bundle

### 2.1 Worlds and audio scenes

A **bundle** holds at most one world (a `WWLD` payload of a `wai.world.*` capability), at
most one audio scene (a `WSCN` payload of `wai.audio.scene`) and a list of timed media items
(§2.2). The mapping reads each container's section table (interactive-worlds §4: the magic,
a little-endian u16 count, nine-byte entries of a kind, an offset from the end of the table
and a length; every section within the payload, no kind twice) and:

- of a world: the contract section (0x01), a JSON text whose `sim` is a string; the graph
  section (0x02), canonical state bytes (interactive-worlds §7.1: a u32 count, then each
  node's 16-byte id, a u32 length and its state, ids strictly ascending, nothing after); and
  the asset table (0x03) where present (interactive-worlds §4.1: a u32 count, then each
  entry's 32-byte hash, its role byte, a u32 name length and the UTF-8 name, nothing after).
  A world that breaks one of these, or a node whose sim §3.4 gives a position with a state
  too short to hold it, is `world_malformed`.
- of an audio scene: the contract section (0x01), a JSON text with `sample_rate` (1 to
  2^32 − 1) and `duration`, each a plain decimal integer; the object table (0x02,
  spatial-audio §2.2, read to its end and nothing after); the asset table (0x03) where
  present; and a seal (0x04) of 104 bytes where present. One that breaks these is
  `audio_malformed`.

Other sections are carried and not read. The checks run world, then audio scene, then
media items in order.

### 2.2 Timed media items

A **timed media item** is a WAI object named by its content hash — the hash of
interactive-worlds §4.1, over a complete envelope — with a `name` (a string), its
`capability`, and for pictures a `width` and a `height`. Its capability is `wai.video.`,
`wai.audio.` or `wai.image.` followed by the capability grammar of
[http-delivery](http-delivery.md) §4.1 (segments of `a` to `z` and `0` to `9`, then
segments that may also hold `_`); a picture's (`wai.video.*`, `wai.image.*`) width and
height are each 1 to 65535, and an audio item has neither. An item that breaks this is
`media_malformed`. A document names a WAI object by the URI `urn:wai:asset:` followed by its
hash in 64 lowercase hexadecimal digits.

### 2.3 What a document carries

Every document this mapping writes names its profile, `wai-scene/1`, and carries the bundle
exactly: the world's and the audio scene's payloads in lowercase hexadecimal, and the media
list as a JSON text — an array of objects, each of exactly `name`, `asset` (64 lowercase
hexadecimal digits) and `capability`, then for a picture `width` and `height`, in that
order, written as §4.1 writes JSON. A reader takes the WAI bytes from what is carried and
nothing else; the rest of the document is presentation, a function of those bytes.

## 3. Numbers

### 3.1 Conversions

A position in WAI is three Q32.32 values (`wai.det.fixed64`: a signed 64-bit integer `r`
standing for `r / 2^32`). Writing one, the mapping takes the binary32 (for glTF) or binary64
(for USD) nearest `r / 2^32`, ties to even; every non-zero result is a normal number. A
time is a sample index `s` of an audio scene at rate `R`; writing it, the mapping takes the
binary32 nearest `s / R`, ties to even. Reading, a binary32 or binary64 value `v` is a
Q32.32 value only when `v · 2^32` is an integer from −2^63 to 2^63 − 1 (`position_not_exact`
otherwise), and a binary32 time `t ≥ 0` is a sample index only when `t · R` is an integer
of at most 2^64 − 1 (`time_not_exact`).

### 3.2 JSON numbers

glTF's JSON numbers are written as RFC 8785 §3.2.2.3 writes a binary64 (the shortest digits
that read back to it, spelt as ECMAScript's `Number.prototype.toString` spells them), the
binary64 being the binary32 value of §3.1 exactly. Integers are plain decimal. A reader takes
a JSON number for a glTF float as glTF does: the binary32 nearest its decimal value, ties to
even; one past the binary32 range is `document_malformed`.

### 3.3 USDA numbers

USDA numbers are written as the USD Core Specification (*Double-Precision Floating Point
Representation when Writing USDA content*) writes a binary64: the shortest digits that read
back to it; scientific notation, one digit before the point and a signed exponent with no
`+`, when the decimal exponent is below −6 or at least 15; decimal otherwise; no trailing
point, no trailing zero in a fraction, no leading zero but before the point of a value
below 1. Integers are plain decimal. A reader takes a USDA number as the binary64 nearest
its decimal value.

### 3.4 Positions by sim

A world node has a position when its sim's state begins with one: `wai.world.sim.kinematic0`
and `wai.world.sim.ballistic0`, the first 24 bytes (three little-endian Q32.32 values);
`wai.world.sim.truss0`, a particle (state byte 0 is 0), the 24 bytes after that byte. Other
nodes and sims have none. A node with no position is presented with no translation.

## 4. Writing a glTF document

### 4.1 The document

The document is one JSON text in UTF-8, followed by a line feed. Every object is written
with the members this section lists, in the order it lists them, and none other; no
whitespace; strings escaped as RFC 8785 §3.2.2.2 escapes them; numbers as §3.2 writes them.
A member a step does not produce is not written. The document's members are, in order:
`asset` (`{"version":"2.0","generator":"wai-scene/1"}`); `extensionsUsed` (the names of the
extensions the document uses, in ascending byte order); `extensions`, holding `MPEG_media`
when there are media items (§4.4); `scene` (0); `scenes` (one scene whose `nodes` lists
every node, `[{}]` when there is none); `nodes`; `cameras`; `buffers`; `bufferViews`;
`accessors`; `animations`; `textures`; `extras` (§4.5). First the bundle is checked (§2).

### 4.2 The world

Each node of the world's tick-0 graph, in ascending id order, is a node
`{"name":"node-<32 lowercase hexadecimal digits of its id>","translation":[x,y,z]}`, its
translation the binary32 of §3.1 of its position (§3.4), absent when it has none.

### 4.3 The audio scene

An audio scene adds a camera, `{"type":"perspective","perspective":{"yfov":1,"znear":0.25}}`,
and after the world's nodes a listener node,
`{"name":"listener","camera":0,"extensions":{"MPEG_audio_spatial":{"listener":{"id":0}}}}`.
Then each object `i`, in table order, is a node
`{"name":"object-<i>","translation":[…],"extensions":{"MPEG_audio_spatial":{"sources":[{"id":i,"type":"Object","attenuation":"custom","accessors":[a]}]}}}`,
its translation its first key's position (absent with no key), `a` its source's timed
accessor (§4.4). Its keys MUST be in strictly ascending sample order, and their times (§3.1)
strictly ascending, or the bundle is `not_presentable`. The attenuation is `custom`, which
ISO/IEC 23090-14 leaves outside its scope: WAI's distance law and gain are in the carried
bytes, and this mapping states no equivalence with a function of that standard's Annex D.

An object with two or more keys is animated. The document's first buffer holds, object by
object, its times (binary32, little-endian), then its positions (three binary32 each), and
is `{"byteLength":n,"uri":"data:application/octet-stream;base64,<RFC 4648 base64 with padding>"}`.
For each animated object, in order: two buffer views,
`{"buffer":0,"byteOffset":o,"byteLength":4k}` and `{"buffer":0,"byteOffset":o',"byteLength":12k}`;
two accessors,
`{"bufferView":v,"componentType":5126,"count":k,"type":"SCALAR","min":[t0],"max":[tlast]}` and
`{"bufferView":v+1,"componentType":5126,"count":k,"type":"VEC3"}`; a sampler
`{"input":a,"interpolation":"LINEAR","output":a+1}`; and a channel
`{"sampler":s,"target":{"node":n,"path":"translation"}}`. One animation holds them all:
`{"name":"audio","channels":[…],"samplers":[…]}`. glTF's linear interpolation of positions
between keys is the presentation; WAI's own interpolation of keys is spatial-audio §2.2's,
in the carried bytes.

### 4.4 Media

`MPEG_media`'s `media` lists first the audio scene's sources, each once, in object order,
then the bundle's other items in list order (an item whose hash is already listed is not
listed again). Each is
`{"name":…,"autoplay":true,"alternatives":[{"uri":"urn:wai:asset:<hex>","mimeType":…}]}`:
for a source, the name of the first bundle item with its hash, else `source-` and the first
16 digits of its hash; the `mimeType` is `application/vnd.wai`
([http-delivery](http-delivery.md) §3) followed, when the item's capability is known, by
`; codecs="wai1.<the capability without its leading wai.>"`, the `codecs` grammar of
http-delivery §4.1.

Each source, and each other item of a picture capability, gets in media order a circular
buffer, `{"byteLength":B,"extensions":{"MPEG_buffer_circular":{"media":m}}}`, a view
`{"buffer":b,"byteLength":B}`, and a timed accessor: for a source,
`{"bufferView":v,"componentType":5126,"count":1024,"type":"SCALAR","extensions":{"MPEG_accessor_timed":{"immutable":true}}}`
with `B` = 4096 (one frame of 1024 mono binary32 samples); for a picture of width `w` and
height `h`,
`{"bufferView":v,"componentType":5121,"normalized":true,"count":w·h,"type":"VEC3","extensions":{"MPEG_accessor_timed":{"immutable":true}}}`
with `B` = 3·w·h, and a texture
`{"extensions":{"MPEG_texture_video":{"accessor":a,"width":w,"height":h,"format":"RGB"}}}`.
Buffers, views and accessors follow the animation's. A circular buffer's `byteLength` is one
frame; how many frames a pipeline keeps is `MPEG_buffer_circular`'s `count`, left at its
default. An accessor with no header view is `immutable`, as `MPEG_accessor_timed`'s schema
requires.

The extensions used are `MPEG_audio_spatial` with an audio scene, `MPEG_media` with media
items, `MPEG_buffer_circular` and `MPEG_accessor_timed` with a circular buffer, and
`MPEG_texture_video` with a texture.

### 4.5 What is carried

The document's `extras` is `{"wai":{"profile":"wai-scene/1","world":"<hex>","audio":"<hex>","media":"<JSON text>"}}`
(§2.3), `world`, `audio` and `media` present when the bundle has them.

## 5. Reading a glTF document

### 5.1 Which reading

A document that is not a JSON text (RFC 8259, UTF-8, no member named twice, at most 64
levels) whose value is an object with `asset.version` `"2.0"` is `document_malformed`. One
whose `extras` has a member `wai` is read as §5.2; any other, as §5.3.

### 5.2 A document WAI wrote

`extras.wai` is an object of the members of §4.5 and no other, `profile` being
`wai-scene/1`, `world` and `audio` lowercase hexadecimal of even length, and `media` a JSON
text of §2.3's form; otherwise the document is `carried_malformed`. The bundle is what it
carries. Writing that bundle (§4) MUST give the document's bytes: a bundle §4 refuses is
`carried_malformed`, and other bytes are `presentation_mismatch`. The document's bytes may
also be those §4 writes with `application/wai`, the media type's deprecated alias
([http-delivery](http-delivery.md) §3), in place of `application/vnd.wai`, as the tools
released before the type had its vendor-tree name wrote them. So a player's view and the
WAI bytes cannot drift apart unnoticed.

### 5.3 A document WAI did not write

Reading one needs the key that mints its node ids (an `actor`, 32 bytes) and the contract of
the world and of the audio scene it yields. The steps run in order, and the first refusal is
the one reported; each index a step follows MUST be in range, and a member a step reads MUST
have the type it names, or the document is `document_malformed`.

1. **The nodes.** The scene is `scenes[scene]` (`scene` defaulting to 0; no scenes, no
   nodes). Its nodes are visited depth first in preorder: its `nodes` in order, each node's
   `children` in order. A node visited twice is `document_malformed`.
2. **Positions**, in visiting order. A node with a `matrix`, a `rotation` other than
   (0, 0, 0, 1) or a `scale` other than (1, 1, 1), each read as binary32 (§3.2), is
   `transform_not_carried`: a node of the world has a position and nothing more. Its
   translation (zero when absent) is read as binary32 and then as Q32.32 (§3.1,
   `position_not_exact`), and its position is its parent's plus its translation
   (`position_not_exact` past the Q32.32 range).
3. **Kinds**, in visiting order: a node whose `extensions.MPEG_audio_spatial` has `sources`
   is an audio node; one with a `camera`, or with `MPEG_audio_spatial` and no sources, is
   skipped; every other node is a world node, and a world node with a `mesh` is reported as
   presentation not carried (`node <i>: mesh`).
4. **Animations**, in document order, each animation's channels in order: a channel's
   `sampler` is followed first, then its `target`; a target with no `node` is ignored. A
   channel whose node is not an audio node, whose `path` is not `translation`, whose
   sampler's `interpolation` (`LINEAR` by default) is not `LINEAR`, or that is a node's
   second channel, is `animation_not_carried`.
5. **Audio objects**, audio nodes in visiting order, each node's sources in order. A source
   of `type` other than `Object` is `audio_not_object` (an `HOA` source has no position to
   carry); a `pregain` other than 0 is `gain_not_exact` (a gain in decibels has no exact
   linear value). Its first accessor's buffer view's buffer is a circular buffer whose
   `media` names an `MPEG_media` item; the source is the first of that item's alternatives
   whose `uri` is `urn:wai:asset:<hex>` (`media_not_wai` if none). Its keys: with no channel,
   one key at sample 0 at the node's position; with one, the audio contract is due now
   (`contract_absent` if absent, not JSON, or without a `sample_rate` of 1 to 2^32 − 1), and
   the sampler's input (`FLOAT`, `SCALAR`) and output (`FLOAT`, `VEC3`) accessors, neither
   sparse, read from views with no `byteStride` of a buffer whose `uri` is
   `data:application/octet-stream;base64,` and canonical base64, each within its view and
   buffer, the output three values to each input value, give its keys: each time a sample
   (§3.1, `time_not_exact`), each position the parent's position plus the output as Q32.32
   (`position_not_exact`). Its gain is 1.
6. **Other media**, the `MPEG_media` items no source uses, in order: its first `urn:wai:asset`
   alternative (`media_not_wai` if none), whose `mimeType` names a capability as §4.4 writes
   it, or as §4.4 writes it with `application/wai`, the type's deprecated alias
   ([http-delivery](http-delivery.md) §3), in place of `application/vnd.wai`
   (`media_not_wai` otherwise); its name (empty when absent); for a picture capability,
   the width and height of the first `MPEG_texture_video` texture whose accessor's circular
   buffer is this item. An item that then breaks §2.2 is `media_not_wai`.
7. **The bytes.** World nodes need the world contract (`contract_absent` if absent or not
   JSON), whose `sim` MUST be `wai.world.sim.kinematic0` (`sim_not_importable`): the `i`-th
   world node, from 1 in visiting order, gets the id interactive-worlds §5.4 mints for the
   actor and lamport `i`, and a kinematic0 state at its position, at rest, with scalar 0.
   The world is the contract given, those nodes in ascending id order, no asset table, and an
   empty op log, laid out as interactive-worlds §4 lays a container out. Audio objects need
   the audio contract (as in step 5); the audio scene is the contract given, the objects in
   order (gain 1), and an asset table of each distinct source in object order, role 0, named
   by its item's name. The media list is step 6's.

## 6. Writing a USD layer

### 6.1 The layer

The layer is UTF-8 text in USD's text format, every line ended by a line feed, indented four
spaces a level:

```
#usda 1.0
(
    customLayerData = {
        string "wai:audio" = "<hex>"
        string "wai:media" = <string>
        string "wai:profile" = "wai-scene/1"
        string "wai:world" = "<hex>"
    }
    defaultPrim = "World"
    endTimeCode = <duration>
    startTimeCode = 0
    timeCodesPerSecond = <sample rate>
)

def Xform "World"
{
    …
}
```

`wai:audio`, `wai:media` and `wai:world` are written when the bundle has them, and the three
time fields with an audio scene: time codes are its sample indices. The prims of §6.2 are
`World`'s children, with one empty line before each but the first. First the bundle is
checked (§2).

### 6.2 Prims

- **World nodes**, in ascending id order: `def Xform "node_<32 hex>"`, holding
  `double3 xformOp:translate = (x, y, z)` and `uniform token[] xformOpOrder = ["xformOp:translate"]`
  when the node has a position (§3.4), each value the binary64 of §3.1 written as §3.3; the
  meaning of the translate operation is a domain specification's, which the core
  specification leaves to them, and the core specification fixes its syntax and value
  resolution.
- **Assets**, when the world has an asset table: `def Scope "Assets"`, and in it, for entry
  `i` in table order, `def "asset_<i>"` with the prim metadata
  `prepend references = @urn:wai:asset:<hex>@` and the properties
  `custom string wai:name = <name>` and `custom int wai:role = <role>`. A reference is a
  composition arc to the asset. Where the reader cannot compute a layer stack for it — no
  reader for a WAI object — the core specification's composition treats it as a composition
  error and ignores that reference, and the rest of the stage composes.
- **Audio objects**, when the audio scene has any: `def Scope "Audio"`, and in it, for
  object `i`, `def Xform "object_<i>"` with `custom string wai:source = "<hex>"`, then, with
  keys, its first key's position as `xformOp:translate`, with two or more keys
  `double3 xformOp:translate.timeSamples = {` and one line `<sample>: (x, y, z),` per key and
  `}`, and the `xformOpOrder` above. Keys MUST be in strictly ascending sample order, and
  a sample, the duration and the rate at most 2^53, or the bundle is `not_presentable`.
- **Media**, when the list has items: `def Scope "Media"`, and in it, for item `i`,
  `def "media_<i>"` with `prepend references = @urn:wai:asset:<hex>@` and the properties
  `custom string wai:capability`, for a picture `custom int wai:height`,
  `custom string wai:name`, and for a picture `custom int wai:width`, in that order.

Prims inside a scope are separated by one empty line. A prim with metadata is written
`def "<name>" (`, the metadata line, `)`, then its body `{` … `}` on the following lines;
an empty body is `{` and `}`.

### 6.3 Strings

A string is written in double quotes, with `\"`, `\\`, `\n`, `\r` and `\t`, and with `\x`
and two uppercase hexadecimal digits for any other character below U+0020 and for U+007F. A
character outside the grammar's `Utf8Character` ranges has no spelling, and a bundle that
needs one is `not_presentable`.

## 7. Reading a USD layer

### 7.1 The subset read

A layer that is not UTF-8, or does not begin `#usda`, is `document_malformed`; a version on
that line other than `1.0` is `usd_not_read`. The rest is read as the core specification's
grammar reads it, for this subset:

- **Tokens.** Spaces, tabs and line breaks separate tokens; `#…` and `//…` to the end of a
  line and `/*…*/` are comments. Strings in `"` or `'`, on one line, with the escapes `\n`,
  `\r`, `\t`, `\a`, `\b`, `\f`, `\v`, `\\`, `\'`, `\"` and `\x` with one or two uppercase
  hexadecimal digits below 0x80; asset paths `@…@` on one line; paths `<…>`; numbers (`-`,
  digits, `.`, `e`, `E` and an exponent's sign, or `inf`); identifiers (`A`–`Z`, `a`–`z`,
  `0`–`9`, `_`, and `:` before a letter or `_`); and `( ) [ ] { } = : , ; .`. A
  triple-quoted string, a `@@@` asset path, another escape or character is `usd_not_read`;
  a string, path, asset path or comment that does not end is `document_malformed`.
- **Values**: numbers, strings, identifiers, asset paths, paths, tuples `( … )`, lists
  `[ … ]` and dictionaries (`{` items `type key = value` or `dictionary key = { … }` `}`).
- **Layer metadata** `( … )`: a bare string is a comment; `subLayers`, `relocates` and a
  list operation are `usd_not_read`; `customLayerData` is a dictionary and `defaultPrim` a
  string (`document_malformed` otherwise); other items are read and not used.
- **Prims**: `def`, an optional type name, the name as a string, optional prim metadata, and
  a body. `over` and `class` are `usd_not_read`. In prim metadata, a bare string is a
  comment; `references`, alone or after `prepend` or `append`, is `None`, an asset path or a
  list of them, each without a prim path or parameters (`usd_not_read` otherwise; `delete`
  and other list operations on it too); `payload`, `inherits`, `specializes`, `variants`,
  `variantSets` and `relocates`, and a list operation on anything else, are `usd_not_read`;
  other items are read and not used.
- **Bodies**: child prims (a name twice is `document_malformed`, as two root prims of one
  name are); `rel`, `variantSet`, `reorder` and list-operation statements are
  `usd_not_read`; and attributes, `[custom] [uniform|varying] type[[]] name` then `= value`,
  `.timeSamples = { time: value, … }` or nothing, then optional metadata. A `.` other than
  `.timeSamples` is `usd_not_read`; an attribute declared twice with two types, or given two
  defaults or two sets of time samples, is `document_malformed`.

Anything else is `document_malformed`.

### 7.2 A layer WAI wrote

A layer whose `customLayerData` has a string key beginning `wai:` is read as WAI wrote it:
its `wai:` items MUST be the strings of §6.1, `wai:profile` being `wai-scene/1`
(`carried_malformed` otherwise), and writing the bundle they carry (§6) MUST give the
layer's bytes (`carried_malformed` for a bundle §6 refuses, `presentation_mismatch` for other
bytes).

### 7.3 A layer WAI did not write

The root is the prim `defaultPrim` names (`document_malformed` if no root prim has that
name), else the first root prim (`document_malformed` if none). Prims are visited depth first
in preorder from the root, the root included, children in written order. For each, in
visiting order:

1. **Its offset**, from its properties in written order: `xformOpOrder` MUST be a list of
   the one string `xformOp:translate` with no time samples; `xformOp:translate` MUST have a
   default value and no time samples; any other `xformOp:` property is not carried; each
   breach is `transform_not_carried`. The translate's default is a tuple of three numbers
   (`document_malformed`), each read as binary64 (§3.3) and then as Q32.32
   (`position_not_exact`). With no translate the offset is zero. Its position is its
   parent's plus its offset (`position_not_exact` past the range).
2. **Its kind.** A prim with references is a set of assets: each asset path MUST be
   `urn:wai:asset:<hex>` (`asset_not_wai`), and gives an asset entry of role 0 named by the
   prim. Otherwise an `Xform` prim with an `xformOp:translate` is a world node at its
   position. Otherwise a prim of a type other than none, `Xform` and `Scope` is reported as
   presentation not carried (`<path>: <type>`).

Nodes or assets need the world contract (`contract_absent` if absent or not JSON), whose sim
MUST be `wai.world.sim.kinematic0` (`sim_not_importable`). The world is built as §5.3 step 7
builds one, with an asset table of the entries in visiting order. A layer gives no audio
scene and no media: the core specification defines no audio prims, so the audio and media of
a layer are read only from the bytes a WAI-written layer carries (§7.2).

## 8. Refusals

| code | where |
|---|---|
| `world_malformed` | §2.1: the world does not read |
| `audio_malformed` | §2.1: the audio scene does not read |
| `media_malformed` | §2.2: a media item's capability, width or height |
| `not_presentable` | §4.3, §6.2, §6.3: keys out of order, two keys at one binary32 time, a time code past 2^53, a character with no USDA spelling |
| `document_malformed` | §5.1, §5.3, §7.1, §7.3: the document does not read as its format, or a value a step needs is not there |
| `carried_malformed` | §5.2, §7.2: what a WAI-written document carries does not read, or is a bundle §4 or §6 refuses |
| `presentation_mismatch` | §5.2, §7.2: the document is not the export of the bundle it carries |
| `usd_not_read` | §7.1: a construct outside the subset |
| `transform_not_carried` | §5.3 step 2, §7.3 step 1: a rotation, scale, matrix or other transform operation |
| `position_not_exact` | §3.1, §5.3, §7.3: a value that is not a Q32.32 value |
| `animation_not_carried` | §5.3 step 4: an animation channel the mapping does not carry |
| `time_not_exact` | §3.1, §5.3 step 5: a time that is not a whole sample |
| `gain_not_exact` | §5.3 step 5: a pregain other than 0 |
| `audio_not_object` | §5.3 step 5: a source that is not an object |
| `media_not_wai` | §5.3 steps 5 and 6: media that names no WAI object or capability |
| `asset_not_wai` | §7.3 step 2: a reference to something other than a WAI object |
| `contract_absent` | §5.3, §7.3: nodes or objects and no contract to give them |
| `sim_not_importable` | §5.3 step 7, §7.3: a world contract whose sim is not `wai.world.sim.kinematic0` |

## 9. Conformance corpus

[`live-conformance/scene/`](../live-conformance/scene/) holds bundles — worlds built in code
(kinematic0, ballistic0 and truss0 nodes, an asset table) and the worlds and audio scenes
other corpora commit, each pinned by SHA-256 — each written as a glTF document and as a USD
layer and read back; bundles refused on export; documents WAI wrote, altered and refused;
and documents WAI did not write, built in code, read to new WAI bytes or refused with each
code of §8. A vector is an *export* (a bundle to a document's bytes, or a code) or an
*import* (a document, with the actor and contracts §5.3 needs, to a bundle and its report of
presentation not carried, or a code). A verifier conforms when it reaches every vector's
outcome and bytes. `wai_scene_vectors gen|verify` writes and checks it, `tests/scene_map.rs`
regenerates it, and `live-conformance/scene_verify.py`, written from this text and sharing
no code with `wai-rs`, is its second implementation.

## 10. Reference implementation

The `scene_map` module of `wai-rs` (feature `scene_map`, on `world` and `audio_scene`):
`Bundle`, `MediaItem`, `ImportParams` and `Imported`; `gltf::export` and `gltf::import`;
`usda::export` and `usda::import`; `num` for §3; `corpus` for §9. Its unit tests check the
conversions and spellings of §3 against fixed values, and that the containers §5.3 and §7.3
build are the bytes `world::WorldContainer` and `audio_scene::SpatialScene` write.