open-standards/wai/wai-quantum/docs/qasm-feature-matrix.md

OpenQASM 3.1: what the reader does with each construct

The reader (wai_quantum::qasm) is the one grammar every surface takes: the job service, the command line, both MCP servers, the Studio, the desktop app, the edge component and the in-browser IDE. This page lists every construct of OpenQASM 3.1, and the OpenQASM 2 forms in common use, with what the reader does with it and the diagnostic code it gives (qasm-diagnostics.md has the table of codes).

• supported: read as the language defines it.
• lowered: read and lowered exactly to the engine's gates and steps.
• carried: kept in the program as written (timing, outputs); it changes nothing a method computes, and the result says so where it matters.
• preserved: kept verbatim for export, never executed.
• refused: the program is not read; the refusal names the line, says what to write instead, and ends with its code.

The conformance corpus (wai/quantum-conformance/qasm3/) holds the specification's example programs and a program for each construct below, each with what the reader must do with it; CI runs it natively, under wasm32-wasip2 and in the browser build.

Program structure

Construct	Status	Codes
OPENQASM 3.1;, OPENQASM 3;, OPENQASM 2.0;, or none	supported; another version is read as OpenQASM 3	Q010
include "stdgates.inc", include "qelib1.inc"	supported: the libraries are built in	Q012
include of any other file	warned: its definitions are not read	Q011
Comments // and /* */	supported; an unclosed block comment is refused	Q003
Identifiers, Unicode letters included (θ, π)	supported
Statements and blocks { }, scopes	supported; qubits, gates, subroutines and externs are declared at the top level	Q105
pragma …, #pragma …, annotations @keyword …	warned: kept, not applied; @wai.max_iterations N bounds the while after it	Q013

Literals

Construct	Status	Codes
Integers: decimal, 0x, 0o, 0b, with _	supported	Q002
Floats, exponents, .5	supported	Q002
Imaginary 2.5im	supported
true, false	supported
Bit strings "0101"	supported	Q110
Durations ns, us, µs, ms, s, dt	supported	Q406
pi π, tau τ, euler ℯ	supported; not redeclarable	Q106

Declarations and types

Construct	Status	Codes
qubit q;, qubit[n] q;, qreg q[n];	supported (at most 65 536 qubits)	Q101, Q105, Q111
Physical qubits $0, $1	supported, in a program that declares none	Q124
bit c;, bit[n] c;, creg c[n];	supported: written by measurement; a value known on reading (bit[2] f = "11";) is held until a measurement writes the bit	Q319
A bit declared inside a block or a subroutine	lowered: a bit of its own, which the steps read and the results do not show	Q322
int, int[n], uint, uint[n] (n ≤ 64)	supported; range-checked	Q112, Q122
float, float[16], float[32], float[64]	supported, rounded to the width as defined; float[128] refused	Q121, Q122
angle, angle[n] (n ≤ 64)	supported: angle[n] holds n bits of a turn, so it is dyadic and the bit-exact method takes it	Q121
complex, complex[float[n]]	supported; a complex gate parameter is refused	Q110
bool	supported
duration	supported: SI units and dt, not mixed	Q406
stretch	carried by name, or as the expression that holds it, for a scheduler	Q403
array[T, d1, d2, …], nested values, sizeof	supported	Q107, Q110
const	supported: known on reading; not assignable	Q127
input int n;, input uint n;	supported: given when the program is read (a generator)	Q114
input float theta;, input angle phi;	a parameter: a job's params binds it as a const at exactly the double given before the program is read (left without a value, the job is refused with Q114 and J050); the reader alone gives it no value	Q115
a parameter followed into a gradient	supported through arithmetic, the built-in functions, loops and gate definitions into gates' arguments; refused under a modifier, in a classical variable, a condition, an index, a size, a loop's range, a subroutine, or a type that rounds it	Q129
output	carried into the result: a bit register's places in each outcome, or a value	Q600, Q601
let a = q[0:2] ++ r;	supported; a let that reuses an enclosing scope's name is refused	Q101
extern f(…) -> T;	supported as a declaration; a call is refused	Q125

Indexing

Construct	Status	Codes
q[i], negative q[-1]	supported	Q107
Slices q[a:b], q[a:s:b], q[a:], q[:]	supported	Q107, Q313
Index sets q[{0, 2, 5}]	supported	Q107
Multi-dimensional m[i, j], m[i][j], array slices and slice assignment	supported	Q107, Q110
An integer's bits k[i]	supported

Expressions

Construct	Status	Codes
+ - * / % **, unary -	supported; integer overflow refused	Q112, Q113
Integer division with a remainder used as a real (1/2 in a gate)	refused: OpenQASM 3 truncates it, OpenQASM 2 does not	Q118
`&	~ << >>`	supported on integers and bits
^	exclusive or in an OpenQASM 3 program; a power in OpenQASM 2; between integers with no version stated it is refused, between reals read as a power with a warning	Q119, Q120
== != < <= > >=, `&&		!`
Casts int[8](x), float(x), angle[n](b), bit[n](i), bool(x)	supported (a cast to int truncates; bits to a signed integer of their width read as two's complement)	Q123
sin cos tan arcsin arccos arctan exp log ln sqrt ceiling floor mod pow popcount rotl rotr real imag sizeof	supported, computed with the crate's own functions, the same bits on every platform	Q104
durationof({ … })	refused: it needs gate durations the program does not give	Q405
Arithmetic on measured bits at run time (int k = c;)	refused: the steps branch on bits and hold no other run-time value	Q306
A value that depends on a measurement where one is needed on reading	refused	Q116

Gates

Construct	Status	Codes
U(θ, φ, λ), gphase(θ)	supported; a global phase is dropped, and under controls is a phase on the controls	Q206
The standard library: p x y z h s sdg t tdg sx rx ry rz cx cy cz cp crx cry crz ch swap ccx cswap cu CX phase cphase id u1 u2 u3, and sxdg iswap rxx ryy rzz ccz cnot toffoli fredkin u cu1 cu3	supported, each checked against its definition in U and CX (cu(θ, φ, λ, γ) is controlled e^{iγ}U(θ, φ, λ))	Q012
gate name(params) qubits { … }	lowered: inlined at each call; a redefinition of a standard gate keeps the standard one	Q200, Q212
opaque gates	refused at a call: no matrix	Q126
A call on whole registers (broadcast)	supported	Q108
A gate's duration x[20ns] q;	carried in the timing	Q407
Wrong parameters or qubits, a qubit named twice, an unknown gate	refused	Q103, Q104, Q109

Modifiers

Construct	Status	Codes
ctrl @, ctrl(n) @, negctrl @, negctrl(n) @ on any gate, user gates included	lowered exactly (a negative control is a control between two x); at most 16 added controls	Q201, Q207, Q208
inv @ on any gate	lowered exactly: each gate's inverse, in reverse order	Q202
pow(k) @, k a whole number	lowered exactly: angles scaled or the gate repeated; negative k repeats the inverse	Q203
pow(r) @, r fractional	lowered where an exact principal root exists (pow(1/2) @ x is sx; rotations by less than 2π; phases; controlled forms); refused otherwise (u, cu, user gates)	Q204, Q205
A modifier on a subroutine, or nested as deep as 32	refused	Q211, Q209

Measurement and reset

Construct	Status	Codes
c = measure q;, c[0] = measure q[0];, bit c = measure q;	supported	Q321
measure q -> c;	supported	Q321
measure q;	supported where no bit register is declared	Q320
Mid-circuit measurement, measurement again, a gate after it	lowered: the program runs as steps (counts by shot splitting, exact expectation values)
reset q;	supported: before a qubit's first gate it changes nothing; after it, the program runs as steps
barrier, barrier q;	carried in the timing	Q404

Classical control

Construct	Status	Codes
if/else known on reading	decided on reading	Q300
if/else on measured bits: c[0], c == 3, c >= 2, int[2](c) != 0, with &&, `		, !`
for over a range, a set or an array	lowered: unrolled	Q308, Q313, Q312
while known on reading	lowered: unrolled until it fails (at most 1 000 000 times)	Q309, Q312
while on measured bits	lowered under @wai.max_iterations N, with a warning that runs still meeting the condition stop there; refused with no bound	Q310, Q311
switch / case / default	decided on reading, or a chain of conditions on measured bits	Q317
break, continue	supported; under a condition on measured bits, jumps forward	Q316, Q314
end	supported	Q316

Subroutines

Construct	Status	Codes
def f(T x, qubit q, qubit[n] r) -> T { … }	lowered: inlined, classical arguments by value, qubits by reference	Q318, Q104
return v;, return measure q;	supported; a returned measurement writes the caller's bit	Q315
readonly / mutable array arguments, #dim	supported
Bits declared in a subroutine	lowered: bits of its own, fed forward	Q322
A subroutine called as a gate (f(1) q, r;)	supported
Recursion	refused past 32 calls deep	Q209

Timing

Construct	Status	Codes
delay[d] q;	carried	Q401
box, box [d]	carried, around the gates it holds	Q402
stretch	carried	Q403
Durations in a result	no method applies them; a result of a program that states durations says so (timing.applied: false)	Q400

Calibration (OpenPulse)

Construct	Status	Codes
defcalgrammar "openpulse";	preserved; in a pulse run, read (another grammar is refused)	Q452, Q454
cal { … }	preserved, never run by the circuit methods; in a pulse run, read as OpenPulse and run in order	Q451, Q453
defcal …	preserved, never run by the circuit methods; the gate's matrix comes from its definition or the library. In a pulse run, read as OpenPulse and run at each call on its physical qubits	Q450, Q126, Q453, Q459
Ports, frames, waveforms (constant, gaussian, sech, gaussian_square, drag, sine, explicit samples)	in a pulse run, lowered to the schedule	Q453, Q455 to Q458
play, delay, shift_phase, set_phase, shift_frequency, set_frequency, capture_v0 to capture_v4, barrier	in a pulse run, lowered to the schedule on frames	Q453, Q457, Q458, Q461
Plays on a measurement port	in a pulse run, scheduled and timed; the readout is not simulated	Q462

A pulse run is the job method pulse; the pulse page gives the model, the bound and the options.

The bit-exact method

The bit-exact state vector takes the reader's program under its own restriction, refusing with a code: dyadic angles only (Q500), at most 255 qubits (Q501), and measurements all at the end (Q502). A controlled gate the modifiers write is held whole, under all its controls. The methods in double precision take any angle.